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Nutrition > Nutrition assessment > Flashcards

Nutrition assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Energy nutrients

A

Carbs, fat and protein

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2
Q

Non energy nutrients

A

Vitamins, water, minerals

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3
Q

What cannot be broken down by enzymes in dogs and cats?

A

Complex plant carbs aka cellulose

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4
Q

Cellulose does not provide………to dogs and cats

A

energy

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5
Q

Functions of carbohydrates (3)

A

Primary source of energy for bodily functions (respiration, walking)

Helps maintain body temp

Source of dietary fibre

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6
Q

Sources of carbs (animal & plant based)

A

Animal: milk (lactose)

Plant:
Cereal starches (oats, lentils, rice)
Potatoes
Fruit
Veg

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7
Q

What happens if there is a carb defficiency? 4

A

Low energy
Hunger
Weakness/dizziness
Hypoglycaemia

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8
Q

Excess of carbs (4)

A

Weight gain
Weight loss (fibre)
Hyperglycaemia
Diabetes

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9
Q

Functions of protein (5)

A

Growth & repair of body tissues

Transport of oxygen (haemoglobin)

Helps to regulate hormones/ enzymes

Source of energy (cats)

Important for immunity as antibodies are made from protein

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10
Q

Sources of protein (animal & plant based)

A

Animal:
Meat (fish, bird, mammal)
Eggs
Milk

Plant:
Soya, pulses, beans
Cereals

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11
Q

2 types of amino acids

A

Essential & non-essential

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12
Q

Difference between essential & non-essential amino acids

A

Essential: cannot be synthesised enough in the body: must be in diet
Non-essential: can be synthesised in the body: not needed in diet

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13
Q

Taurine

A

Essential amino acid - needed for cats and ferrets

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14
Q

Quality of protein is expressed as its

A

Biological Value (BV)

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15
Q

Biological value is

A

Percentage of absorbed protein that is retained by the body

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16
Q

Highest biological value protein source is..

A

egg (BV of 93-100%)

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17
Q

Protein deficiencies (4)

A

Poor growth
Muscle loss
Weakness/ Fatigue
Increased risk of infection & disease

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18
Q

Protein excess

A

Obesity
Possible links with kidney & urine problems

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19
Q

Functions of fat (6)

A

Most concentrated form of energy

Aids absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)

Insulation

Healthy skin & coat

Protects internal organs

Improves food palatability

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20
Q

2 main types of Essential fatty acids in dogs and cats

A

Omega 3 and Omega 6

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21
Q

Which EFA is essential for cats but not dogs?

A

Taurine amino acid

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22
Q

Fat sources

A

Animal:
Milk
Fish oil
Fat of body origin

Vegetable origin fats:
Nuts
Seed oils (sunflower, oil seed rape, linseed)

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23
Q

Fat deficiencies (5)

A

Impaired wound healing

Poor coat condition

Dry skin

Weight loss

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

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24
Q

Fat excesses

A

Obesity leading to:
Heart disease, Mobility issues, Diabetes, Shortened life span

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25
Q

Vitamins (4)

A

Organic compounds

Essential for normal physiological functioning

Not synthesised in the body and must come from diet

Absence of specific vitamins causes some deficiency syndromes

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26
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

Stored in body fat: less prone to deficiencies but more prone to toxicity

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27
Q

Water-soluble vitamins (2)

A

C and B complex

Lost with water from body and not store: deficiency of these more likely but toxicity v. unlikely

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28
Q

Vitamin A - sources and essential for?

A

Sources: Fish oils, liver, eggs

Essential for:
Bone & muscle growth
Vision
Reproduction
Immunity

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29
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin A (Hypovitaminosis A) causes

A

Night blindness
Dry eyes

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30
Q

Excess (Hypervitaminosis A)

A

Skeletal malformations/ fusion of vertebrae

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31
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Marine fish and fish oils

32
Q

Vitamin D is essential for

A

Calcium and phosphorus metabolism

33
Q

Hypovitaminosis D

A

Rickets (poor bone mineralisation)

Osteomalacia

34
Q

Hypervitaminosis D

A

Hypercalcaemia
Soft tissue mineralisation
Renal failure

35
Q

Vitamin E (source)

A

Only produced in plants (vegetable oils, seeds, grains)

36
Q

Vitamin E is essential for

A

Antioxidant
Immune system
Skin and eyes

37
Q

Hypovitaminosis E

A

Muscular weakness
Impaired reproduction

38
Q

Hypervitaminosis E

A

Rare: can impair absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins

39
Q

Vitamin K source

A

Present in green leafy veg

40
Q

Vitamin K is essential for

A

Blood clotting

41
Q

Hypovitaminosis K

A

Coagulopathy (rodenticide)

42
Q

Hypervitaminosis K

A

Unlikely

43
Q

Vitamin B toxicity

A

does not occur

44
Q

Who can synthesise Vitamin C?

A

Most mammals except primates, Guinea pigs and bats.

45
Q

Vitamin C is essential for

A

Wound healing
Immunity
Antioxidant effect
Formation of collagen

46
Q

Hypovitaminosis C

A

Aka scurvy

Lethargy
Painful joints
Poor coat condition
Weight loss
Bruising
Diarrhoea

47
Q

Hypervitaminosis C

A

Unlikely to occur

48
Q

2 classes of minerals

A

Macro-minerals & micro-minerals (aka trace minerals)

49
Q

Difference between macro-minerals and micro-minerals?

A

Macro-minerals are required in larger amounts

50
Q

Macro-minerals (6)

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride

51
Q

Micro-minerals (7)

A

Iron
Copper
Zinc
Fluoride
Selenium
Iodine
Manganese

52
Q

Main functions of water (8)

A

Transport of material between cells/ tissues
Electrolyte balance
pH balance
Temp regulation
Removal of waste
Lubrication of tissue cells
Major component of blood and lymph
Involved in some chemical reactions

53
Q

Water is not..

A

stored in any quantity by body so it needs replacing as soon as it’s lost

54
Q

Water can be lost from the body in (5)

A

Urine
Faeces
via lungs when breathing
Sweat
Vomit

55
Q

Signs of dehydration (7)

A

Tenting skin
Sunken eyes
Tacky mucous membranes
Excessive thirst
Lethargy
Increased urine concentration
When severe: signs of shock

56
Q

Dog nutrition: dogs need ..

A

Essential amino acids

57
Q

Amino acids examples (3- full list 10)

A

Lysine
Tyrosine
Valine
—-

Arginine
Histidine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenyalalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Valine

58
Q

Cats need…

A

same essential amino acids as dogs + taurine + arachidonic acid

59
Q

Cats don’t need..

A

carbohydrate

60
Q

Cats cannot produce…

A

their own vitamin A

61
Q

Moisture contents in moist, semi-moist and dry commercial foods

A

Moist: 70-80% moisture
Semi-moist: 20-30% moisture
Dry: 10-14% moisture

62
Q

ME stands for

A

Metabolisable Energy = portion of food energy available to animal to metabolise in its system

63
Q

MER stands for

A

Maintenance Energy Requirement = energy requirement of a moderately active adult animal.

64
Q

Calculation of how much food a dog needs?

A

MER x 1000 % ME

65
Q

Too much calcium for an adult cat?

A

Struvite urolith formation

66
Q

Effect of too much phosphorous (not enough calcium)?

A

Bone deformities
Weakened bones and teeth

67
Q

Function of iron

A

Constituent of haemoglobin
Needed to carry oxygen in RBC

68
Q

What vitamin is needed to absorb calcium and phosphorus

A

Vitamin D

69
Q

Main source of carbs for hamster

A

Starch (cereals)

70
Q

If you feed a cat too much raw fish/ only raw fish?

A

Vitamin B1 deficiency

71
Q

Complete food means

A

Essential ingredients
Correct ratio
Appropriate amount of energy

72
Q

Life stage events that need an adjustment of MER

A

Growth phase
Adult phase
Pregnancy
Lactating
Geriatric

73
Q

Why energy requirements change when animal is unwell?

A

Animal needs more energy for repair

74
Q

What is different in premium foods (as opposed to budget)?

A

Higher levels of:

Higher value proteins
animal proteins
fat levels
More expensive

75
Q

Nutritional requirements for juvenile dogs and pregnant bitches (3)

A

Higher energy density
Higher levels of protein of high BV
Higher levels of calcium and phosphorous

76
Q

Nutritional requirements for working dogs (4)

A

Higher energy density
Higher protein of high BV
Highly digestible diet
Increased fat content

77
Q

Nutritional requirements for geriatric dogs (5)

A

Lower energy density
Reduced protein but of higher BV
Reduced salt

Higher fibre
Rich in EFA

Nutrition (3 decks)

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