Nutrition Assessment Flashcards
1
Q
Conditions wherein transferrin is decreased
A
Nephrotic syndrome, neoplastic disease, liver disorders, anemia
2
Q
Fibronectin is an indicator of what conditions
A
sepsis and burns
3
Q
An acute phase reactant that increases during sepsis, inflammation, and, infection
A
C-reactive protein
4
Q
Severe malnutrition in children
A
Marasmus
5
Q
It is measured to assess toxicity in serum.
A
retinyl ester
6
Q
Common name of vitamin A
A
retinol
7
Q
Vitamin E assessment is indicated for
A
newborns, px with fat, malabsorption states, px receiving synthetic diets
8
Q
(T/F) Only 1/4 of the human body’s vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and 3/4 comes from the diet
A
False. Half of the human body’s vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and half comes from the diet
9
Q
High levels of transthyretin are seen in _____.
A
Hodgkin disease and kidney problems
10
Q
Early indicator of iron deficiency
A
increased transferrin levels
11
Q
Edematous malnutrition
A
Kwashiorkor
12
Q
Micronutrients
A
vitamins, minerals, trace elements
13
Q
Sources of vitamin E
A
Vegetable oils, fresh leafy vegetables, egg yolk , legumes, peanuts, and margarine
14
Q
Where is retinol-binding protein excreted?
A
urine
15
Q
Plasma proteins of nutritional interest
A
albumin, transferrin, transthyretin, IGF-1, fibronectin
16
Q
What substances does the transthyretin carry to the bloodstream?
A
thyroid hormones, vitamin A
17
Q
Preffered method for vitamin D determination.
A
Immunoassay
18
Q
Major dietary source of vitamin D?
A
irradiated foods and commercially prepared milk
19
Q
In what conditions does c-reactive protein is increased?
A
sepsis, inflammation, infection
20
Q
Transthyretin is a better indicator of _____.
A
visceral protein status, positive nitrogen balance
21
Q
Protein that transports iron
A
transferrin
22
Q
Most widely used indicator of protein change
A
nitrogen balance
23
Q
In what substance does insulin-like growth factor 1 bind to?
A
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3
24
Q
Albumin level for severely depleted albumin
A
<23-25 g/L
25
It estimates the amount of nitrogen excretion
24-hour urinary urea nitrogen
26
In nitrogen balance, what happens when there is stress, trauma or burns
increased catabolism, decreased intake, negative nitrogen balance
27
Half-life of albumin
20 days
28
Where is vitamin D stored and excreted?
liver, bile
29
Decrease in fibronectin is seen in what conditions
infection or severe stress due to opsonic
| property
30
Half-life of insulin-like growth factor 1.
2 hours
31
A vitamin that is essential for the formation of proteins involved in the regulation of blood clotting
vitamin K
32
What is the effect in the nitrogen balance when there is enteral or parenteral nutrition support
results to positive nitrogen balance
33
Major circulating form and most commonly measured
25(OH)D3
34
Normal level of albumin
≥ 35 g/L
35
What is the transthyretin level when there is severe protein-calorie malnutrition?
<80 mg/L
36
Retinol is commonly measured using _____.
HPLC
37
Half-life of fibronectin
15 hours
38
Macronutrients
proteins, fats, carbohydrates
39
Transferrin is sensitive to _____.
antibiotics and fungicides
40
Insulin-like growth factor 1 is produced in the liver in response to _____.
growth hormone
41
Maintains normal blood levels of calcium ion and phosphate ion in order for bones to absorb the ions
vitamin D
42
Water-soluble vitamins
B and C
43
K2 is synthesized by _____.
intestinal bacteria
44
In what condtion/s is fibronection increased?
severe infection
45
(T/F) Retinol-binding protein is significantly decreased in px with renal failure while transthyretin is elevated.
False. RBP concentration is significantly elevated in
| px with renal failure while transthyretin concentration is only moderately elevated.
46
Where is vitamin K1 found?
leafy green vegetables
47
Common name of vitamin E.
tocopherol
48
Another name for transthyretin
thyroxine-binding prealbumin or prealbumin
49
Most active metabolite of vitamin D
1,25(OH2)D3/1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
50
Half-life of transferrin
9 days
51
Albumin level for mild malnutrition
28-30 to 35 g/L
52
Excess ingestion of vitamin a can lead to
liver damage
53
Proteins that are not routinely used as nutritional markers for adults and children.
insulin-like growth factor 1, fibronectin
54
Conditions wherein transthyretin is decreased.
trauma (burn injury), chronic illness, liver disease, inflammation, infection,
55
Elevated levels of vitamin D are seen in _____.
hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatemia, pregnancy
56
Necessary for maintenance of normal vitamin A levels
vitamin E
57
In which blood clotting proteins is vitamin K essential?
prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X, proteins C and S
58
Fat-soluble vitamins
ADEK
59
An indicator of chronic protein deficiency.
Albumin
60
Half-life of transthyretin
48 hours
61
Where is fibronectin synthesized?
liver, endothelial cells, peritoneal macrophages, fibroblasts
62
Albumin level for moderate malnutrition
23-25 to 28-30 g/L
63
Deficiency of vitamin A may occur due to _____.
chronic fat malabsorption, impaired liver function, severe stress or protein malnutrition
64
Deficiency of vitamin K may be caused by _____.
antibiotic therapy or use of coumadin
65
Very accurate but expensive method of determination for vitamin D
LC-MS/MS method/Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
66
An indicator of sepsis and burn patients.
fibronectin
67
Where are vitamins obtained?
food sources or bacterial synthesis
68
Low levels of vitamin D are seen in _____.
use of anticonvulsant drugs, in small bowel
| disease, chronic renal failure, hepatobiliary disease, pancreatic insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism
69
What happens during the flow phase of marked catabolism?
↑ CRP and other APRs, ↓ albumin and prealbumin
70
Forms a complex with transthyretin and transports vitamin A from the liver to the tissues
retinol-binding protein
71
What form of vitamin E is commonly measured using HPLC?
alpha-tocopherol
72
2 major forms of vitamin K
K1 (phylloquinone), K2 (menaquinone)
73
Serve as vitamin A precursor forms.
Carotenoids (beta-carotene)
74
Have a wide range of functions such as serving as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions.
Vitamins
75
Elevated vitamin D can lead to _____.
hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria
76
Most active form of Vitamin E
alpha-tocopherol
77
What is the primary function of vitamin E?
serves as an antioxidant
78
Applied as a predictor of cardiac disease and
| other cholesterol related atherosclerotic disorders
High-sensitivity CRP
79
Half-life of retinol-binding protein.
12 hours
80
Good indicator of vit D nutritional status
25(OH)D3
81
Other term form vitamin D3
cholecalciferol
82
Vitamin A deficiency causes _____.
night blindness
83
7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to _____ after skin is exposed to sunlight
cholecalciferol
84
Used as a functional indicator of vitamin K status
prothrombin time
85
A major protein regulating phagocytosis.
fibronectin
86
Major symptom of deficiency of vitamin E
hemolytic anemia
87
4 forms of vitamin E
alpha-, beta-, delta-, gamma-tocopherol
88
Cholesterol found in the skin
7-dehydrocholesterol
89
Other term for vitamin D2
ergocalciferol
90
A vitamin K antagonist
coumadin
91
C-reactive proteins increases up to _____x after a tissue injury.
1000x
92
Vitamin A is stored in the liver and transported in the circulation through _____.
retinol-binding protein
93
Common name of vitamin B3
niacin
94
Sources of pyridoxine
plants
95
Functions as a component of coenzymes FMN and FAD that catalyze various redox reactions
riboflavin (B2)
96
Biotin plays a role in what processes
gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid synthesis
97
4 Ds of pellagra
diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death
98
Deficiency of pyridoxine is frequently seen in patients with _____.
deficient B vitamins
99
Biotin uses microbiologic assay using what organism?
Lactobacillus
100
Common name of vitamin B2
riboflavin
101
Vitamin C is a strong reducing compound that is important in formation and stabilization of _____.
collagen
102
Extremely high doses of vitamin B6 may cause _____.
peripheral neuropathy
103
Deficiency of vitamin D in youngs.
Rickets
104
Common name of vitamin B12
cobalamin
105
Loss of vitamin b12 occurs with ____
fish tapeworm infection, malabsorption disease
106
Components of total vitamin C
ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, diketogulonicacid)acid
107
Deficiency of biotin can be caused by _____ found in _____.
ingestion of avidin, raw egg whites
108
A therapy that lowers lipid levels.
nicotinic acid therapy
109
Deficiency of vitamin C.
scurvy
110
Pantothenic acid comes from the Greek word _____ which means _____
pantothen, everywhere
111
Common name of vitamin B6
pyridoxine
112
Acts as a coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions in major carbohydrate pathways and in branched chain amino acid metabolism.
thiamine (B1)
113
Tests for the measurement of cobalamin.
Microbiologic assay, competitive
| protein-binding RIA (most common), enzyme immunoassay
114
2 forms of niacin
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
115
A chronic thiamine deficiency
beriberi
116
obtained from the diet and synthesized by bacteria in the colon
folate (B9)
117
Conditions wherein there is an increased need in vitamin C.
acute stress injury, chronic inflammatory states,
| pregnancy and oral contraceptive use.
118
Characteristics of scurvy
hemorrhagic disorders, including swollen, bleeding gums and impaired wound healing and anemia.
119
Common name of vitamin B9
folate
120
A coenzyme for several enzymes that transport carboxyl units in tissue and plays an integral role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis
biotin (B7)
121
Major clinical symptom of folate deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
122
(T/F). Greater than 25% increase in activity after addition of TPP indicates thiamine deficiency
True.
123
Active cofactor forms of cobalamin
methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosylcobalamin
124
Common name of vitamin B1
thiamine
125
A strong reducing compound that is important in formation and stabilization of collagen
Vitamin C
126
Another deficiency of vitamin B2 or thiamine aside from Beri-beri
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
127
Deficiency of niacin (B3)
pellagra
128
Folate is obtained from the diet and is synthesized by the bacteria located in the _____.
colon
129
Common name of vitamin D.
calciferol
130
Most widely used assay for vitamin C.
2,4--dinitrophenylhydrazine method
131
Measures thiamine functional
| activity
erythrocyte transkelotase activity
132
Oral dose of radiolabeled vit B12 is given to px, serum and urine levels of labeled vit B12 collected at intervals.
Schilling test
133
3 related compounds of vitamin B6
pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxal, pyridoxamine (animal sources)
134
Cobalamin can be measured using microbiologic assay using what bacteria?
Lactobacillus leishmannii
135
Functions as coenzyme of NAD and NADP which are necessary for many metabolic processes
niacin (B3)
136
What are the lab indices of megaloblastic anemia in folate deficiency?
↓ serum folate, hypersegmentation of neutrophils, ↓ erythrocyte folate , macroovalocytosis , and anemia.
137
Deficiency of vitamin D in adults.
osteomalacia
138
Sources of riboflavin
milk, liver, eggs, meat, leafy vegetables
139
Folate needs are increased during _____ especially in _____.
pregnancy, lactation
140
A vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor
pernicious anemia
141
Deficiency of niacin may result from _____.
alcoholism
142
Tests for the measurement of folate and what sample/s are used in each test?
Microbiologic assay suing lactobacillus casei (serum), (serum) or competitive protein-binding assay (RBC and serum)
143
Absorption of cobalamin is mediated by _____.
intrinsic factor
144
A deficiency in thiamine is caused by _____.
decreased intake, impaired absorption, increased requirements
145
Riboflavin functions as a component of what coenzymes
flavin mononucleotide and flavin dinucleotide
146
A coenzyme in enzymatic reactions necessary for hematopoiesis and fatty acid metabolism.
Cobalamin (B12)
147
Most common test to measure cobalamin.
Competitive protein-binding RIA
148
Common name of vitamin B7
biotin
149
Best laboratory index of folate deficiency
erythrocyte folate
150
Sources of pantothenic acid
liver, organ meats, milk, eggs, peanuts, legumes, mushrooms, salmon, whole grain
151
Folate can be measured using microbiologic assay using what bacteria? in what sample?
Lactobacillus casei, serum
152
Niacin functions as a coenzyme of _____ which are necessary for many metabolic processes
NAD/Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and NADP/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
153
At risk of deficiency for pyridoxine
uremia, liver disease, absorption syndromes, malignancies, chronic alcoholism
154
Sources of pyridoxal and pyridoxamine
animals
155
Common name of vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
156
Deficiency of riboflavin occurs in _____.
alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, malabsorption
157
A coenzyme in one-carbon transfer reactions
folate (B9)
158
A coenzyme that contains pantothenic acid as part of its structure.
coenzyme A
159
An assay that measures total vitamin C content.
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method
160
What sample/s are used for the measurement of cobalamin in Schilling test?
Urine and serum
