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Clinical Chemistry > Nutrition Assessment > Flashcards

Nutrition Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

Conditions wherein transferrin is decreased

A

Nephrotic syndrome, neoplastic disease, liver disorders, anemia

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2
Q

Fibronectin is an indicator of what conditions

A

sepsis and burns

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3
Q

An acute phase reactant that increases during sepsis, inflammation, and, infection

A

C-reactive protein

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4
Q

Severe malnutrition in children

A

Marasmus

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5
Q

It is measured to assess toxicity in serum.

A

retinyl ester

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6
Q

Common name of vitamin A

A

retinol

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7
Q

Vitamin E assessment is indicated for

A

newborns, px with fat, malabsorption states, px receiving synthetic diets

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8
Q

(T/F) Only 1/4 of the human body’s vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and 3/4 comes from the diet

A

False. Half of the human body’s vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and half comes from the diet

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9
Q

High levels of transthyretin are seen in _____.

A

Hodgkin disease and kidney problems

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10
Q

Early indicator of iron deficiency

A

increased transferrin levels

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11
Q

Edematous malnutrition

A

Kwashiorkor

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12
Q

Micronutrients

A

vitamins, minerals, trace elements

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13
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

Vegetable oils, fresh leafy vegetables, egg yolk , legumes, peanuts, and margarine

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14
Q

Where is retinol-binding protein excreted?

A

urine

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15
Q

Plasma proteins of nutritional interest

A

albumin, transferrin, transthyretin, IGF-1, fibronectin

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16
Q

What substances does the transthyretin carry to the bloodstream?

A

thyroid hormones, vitamin A

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17
Q

Preffered method for vitamin D determination.

A

Immunoassay

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18
Q

Major dietary source of vitamin D?

A

irradiated foods and commercially prepared milk

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19
Q

In what conditions does c-reactive protein is increased?

A

sepsis, inflammation, infection

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20
Q

Transthyretin is a better indicator of _____.

A

visceral protein status, positive nitrogen balance

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21
Q

Protein that transports iron

A

transferrin

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22
Q

Most widely used indicator of protein change

A

nitrogen balance

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23
Q

In what substance does insulin-like growth factor 1 bind to?

A

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3

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24
Q

Albumin level for severely depleted albumin

A

<23-25 g/L

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25
Q

It estimates the amount of nitrogen excretion

A

24-hour urinary urea nitrogen

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26
Q

In nitrogen balance, what happens when there is stress, trauma or burns

A

increased catabolism, decreased intake, negative nitrogen balance

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27
Q

Half-life of albumin

A

20 days

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28
Q

Where is vitamin D stored and excreted?

A

liver, bile

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29
Q

Decrease in fibronectin is seen in what conditions

A

infection or severe stress due to opsonic

property

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30
Q

Half-life of insulin-like growth factor 1.

A

2 hours

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31
Q

A vitamin that is essential for the formation of proteins involved in the regulation of blood clotting

A

vitamin K

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32
Q

What is the effect in the nitrogen balance when there is enteral or parenteral nutrition support

A

results to positive nitrogen balance

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33
Q

Major circulating form and most commonly measured

A

25(OH)D3

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34
Q

Normal level of albumin

A

≥ 35 g/L

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35
Q

What is the transthyretin level when there is severe protein-calorie malnutrition?

A

<80 mg/L

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36
Q

Retinol is commonly measured using _____.

A

HPLC

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37
Q

Half-life of fibronectin

A

15 hours

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38
Q

Macronutrients

A

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

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39
Q

Transferrin is sensitive to _____.

A

antibiotics and fungicides

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40
Q

Insulin-like growth factor 1 is produced in the liver in response to _____.

A

growth hormone

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41
Q

Maintains normal blood levels of calcium ion and phosphate ion in order for bones to absorb the ions

A

vitamin D

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42
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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43
Q

K2 is synthesized by _____.

A

intestinal bacteria

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44
Q

In what condtion/s is fibronection increased?

A

severe infection

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45
Q

(T/F) Retinol-binding protein is significantly decreased in px with renal failure while transthyretin is elevated.

A

False. RBP concentration is significantly elevated in

px with renal failure while transthyretin concentration is only moderately elevated.

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46
Q

Where is vitamin K1 found?

A

leafy green vegetables

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47
Q

Common name of vitamin E.

A

tocopherol

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48
Q

Another name for transthyretin

A

thyroxine-binding prealbumin or prealbumin

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49
Q

Most active metabolite of vitamin D

A

1,25(OH2)D3/1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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50
Q

Half-life of transferrin

A

9 days

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51
Q

Albumin level for mild malnutrition

A

28-30 to 35 g/L

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52
Q

Excess ingestion of vitamin a can lead to

A

liver damage

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53
Q

Proteins that are not routinely used as nutritional markers for adults and children.

A

insulin-like growth factor 1, fibronectin

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54
Q

Conditions wherein transthyretin is decreased.

A

trauma (burn injury), chronic illness, liver disease, inflammation, infection,

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55
Q

Elevated levels of vitamin D are seen in _____.

A

hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatemia, pregnancy

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56
Q

Necessary for maintenance of normal vitamin A levels

A

vitamin E

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57
Q

In which blood clotting proteins is vitamin K essential?

A

prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X, proteins C and S

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58
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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59
Q

An indicator of chronic protein deficiency.

A

Albumin

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60
Q

Half-life of transthyretin

A

48 hours

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61
Q

Where is fibronectin synthesized?

A

liver, endothelial cells, peritoneal macrophages, fibroblasts

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62
Q

Albumin level for moderate malnutrition

A

23-25 to 28-30 g/L

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63
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A may occur due to _____.

A

chronic fat malabsorption, impaired liver function, severe stress or protein malnutrition

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64
Q

Deficiency of vitamin K may be caused by _____.

A

antibiotic therapy or use of coumadin

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65
Q

Very accurate but expensive method of determination for vitamin D

A

LC-MS/MS method/Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

66
Q

An indicator of sepsis and burn patients.

A

fibronectin

67
Q

Where are vitamins obtained?

A

food sources or bacterial synthesis

68
Q

Low levels of vitamin D are seen in _____.

A

use of anticonvulsant drugs, in small bowel

disease, chronic renal failure, hepatobiliary disease, pancreatic insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism

69
Q

What happens during the flow phase of marked catabolism?

A

↑ CRP and other APRs, ↓ albumin and prealbumin

70
Q

Forms a complex with transthyretin and transports vitamin A from the liver to the tissues

A

retinol-binding protein

71
Q

What form of vitamin E is commonly measured using HPLC?

A

alpha-tocopherol

72
Q

2 major forms of vitamin K

A

K1 (phylloquinone), K2 (menaquinone)

73
Q

Serve as vitamin A precursor forms.

A

Carotenoids (beta-carotene)

74
Q

Have a wide range of functions such as serving as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions.

A

Vitamins

75
Q

Elevated vitamin D can lead to _____.

A

hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria

76
Q

Most active form of Vitamin E

A

alpha-tocopherol

77
Q

What is the primary function of vitamin E?

A

serves as an antioxidant

78
Q

Applied as a predictor of cardiac disease and

other cholesterol related atherosclerotic disorders

A

High-sensitivity CRP

79
Q

Half-life of retinol-binding protein.

A

12 hours

80
Q

Good indicator of vit D nutritional status

A

25(OH)D3

81
Q

Other term form vitamin D3

A

cholecalciferol

82
Q

Vitamin A deficiency causes _____.

A

night blindness

83
Q

7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to _____ after skin is exposed to sunlight

A

cholecalciferol

84
Q

Used as a functional indicator of vitamin K status

A

prothrombin time

85
Q

A major protein regulating phagocytosis.

A

fibronectin

86
Q

Major symptom of deficiency of vitamin E

A

hemolytic anemia

87
Q

4 forms of vitamin E

A

alpha-, beta-, delta-, gamma-tocopherol

88
Q

Cholesterol found in the skin

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

89
Q

Other term for vitamin D2

A

ergocalciferol

90
Q

A vitamin K antagonist

A

coumadin

91
Q

C-reactive proteins increases up to _____x after a tissue injury.

A

1000x

92
Q

Vitamin A is stored in the liver and transported in the circulation through _____.

A

retinol-binding protein

93
Q

Common name of vitamin B3

A

niacin

94
Q

Sources of pyridoxine

A

plants

95
Q

Functions as a component of coenzymes FMN and FAD that catalyze various redox reactions

A

riboflavin (B2)

96
Q

Biotin plays a role in what processes

A

gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid synthesis

97
Q

4 Ds of pellagra

A

diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death

98
Q

Deficiency of pyridoxine is frequently seen in patients with _____.

A

deficient B vitamins

99
Q

Biotin uses microbiologic assay using what organism?

A

Lactobacillus

100
Q

Common name of vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

101
Q

Vitamin C is a strong reducing compound that is important in formation and stabilization of _____.

A

collagen

102
Q

Extremely high doses of vitamin B6 may cause _____.

A

peripheral neuropathy

103
Q

Deficiency of vitamin D in youngs.

A

Rickets

104
Q

Common name of vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

105
Q

Loss of vitamin b12 occurs with ____

A

fish tapeworm infection, malabsorption disease

106
Q

Components of total vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, diketogulonicacid)acid

107
Q

Deficiency of biotin can be caused by _____ found in _____.

A

ingestion of avidin, raw egg whites

108
Q

A therapy that lowers lipid levels.

A

nicotinic acid therapy

109
Q

Deficiency of vitamin C.

A

scurvy

110
Q

Pantothenic acid comes from the Greek word _____ which means _____

A

pantothen, everywhere

111
Q

Common name of vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

112
Q

Acts as a coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions in major carbohydrate pathways and in branched chain amino acid metabolism.

A

thiamine (B1)

113
Q

Tests for the measurement of cobalamin.

A

Microbiologic assay, competitive

protein-binding RIA (most common), enzyme immunoassay

114
Q

2 forms of niacin

A

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

115
Q

A chronic thiamine deficiency

A

beriberi

116
Q

obtained from the diet and synthesized by bacteria in the colon

A

folate (B9)

117
Q

Conditions wherein there is an increased need in vitamin C.

A

acute stress injury, chronic inflammatory states,

pregnancy and oral contraceptive use.

118
Q

Characteristics of scurvy

A

hemorrhagic disorders, including swollen, bleeding gums and impaired wound healing and anemia.

119
Q

Common name of vitamin B9

A

folate

120
Q

A coenzyme for several enzymes that transport carboxyl units in tissue and plays an integral role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis

A

biotin (B7)

121
Q

Major clinical symptom of folate deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia

122
Q

(T/F). Greater than 25% increase in activity after addition of TPP indicates thiamine deficiency

A

True.

123
Q

Active cofactor forms of cobalamin

A

methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosylcobalamin

124
Q

Common name of vitamin B1

A

thiamine

125
Q

A strong reducing compound that is important in formation and stabilization of collagen

A

Vitamin C

126
Q

Another deficiency of vitamin B2 or thiamine aside from Beri-beri

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

127
Q

Deficiency of niacin (B3)

A

pellagra

128
Q

Folate is obtained from the diet and is synthesized by the bacteria located in the _____.

A

colon

129
Q

Common name of vitamin D.

A

calciferol

130
Q

Most widely used assay for vitamin C.

A

2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine method

131
Q

Measures thiamine functional

activity

A

erythrocyte transkelotase activity

132
Q

Oral dose of radiolabeled vit B12 is given to px, serum and urine levels of labeled vit B12 collected at intervals.

A

Schilling test

133
Q

3 related compounds of vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxal, pyridoxamine (animal sources)

134
Q

Cobalamin can be measured using microbiologic assay using what bacteria?

A

Lactobacillus leishmannii

135
Q

Functions as coenzyme of NAD and NADP which are necessary for many metabolic processes

A

niacin (B3)

136
Q

What are the lab indices of megaloblastic anemia in folate deficiency?

A

↓ serum folate, hypersegmentation of neutrophils, ↓ erythrocyte folate , macroovalocytosis , and anemia.

137
Q

Deficiency of vitamin D in adults.

A

osteomalacia

138
Q

Sources of riboflavin

A

milk, liver, eggs, meat, leafy vegetables

139
Q

Folate needs are increased during _____ especially in _____.

A

pregnancy, lactation

140
Q

A vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor

A

pernicious anemia

141
Q

Deficiency of niacin may result from _____.

A

alcoholism

142
Q

Tests for the measurement of folate and what sample/s are used in each test?

A

Microbiologic assay suing lactobacillus casei (serum), (serum) or competitive protein-binding assay (RBC and serum)

143
Q

Absorption of cobalamin is mediated by _____.

A

intrinsic factor

144
Q

A deficiency in thiamine is caused by _____.

A

decreased intake, impaired absorption, increased requirements

145
Q

Riboflavin functions as a component of what coenzymes

A

flavin mononucleotide and flavin dinucleotide

146
Q

A coenzyme in enzymatic reactions necessary for hematopoiesis and fatty acid metabolism.

A

Cobalamin (B12)

147
Q

Most common test to measure cobalamin.

A

Competitive protein-binding RIA

148
Q

Common name of vitamin B7

A

biotin

149
Q

Best laboratory index of folate deficiency

A

erythrocyte folate

150
Q

Sources of pantothenic acid

A

liver, organ meats, milk, eggs, peanuts, legumes, mushrooms, salmon, whole grain

151
Q

Folate can be measured using microbiologic assay using what bacteria? in what sample?

A

Lactobacillus casei, serum

152
Q

Niacin functions as a coenzyme of _____ which are necessary for many metabolic processes

A

NAD/Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and NADP/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

153
Q

At risk of deficiency for pyridoxine

A

uremia, liver disease, absorption syndromes, malignancies, chronic alcoholism

154
Q

Sources of pyridoxal and pyridoxamine

A

animals

155
Q

Common name of vitamin B5

A

pantothenic acid

156
Q

Deficiency of riboflavin occurs in _____.

A

alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, malabsorption

157
Q

A coenzyme in one-carbon transfer reactions

A

folate (B9)

158
Q

A coenzyme that contains pantothenic acid as part of its structure.

A

coenzyme A

159
Q

An assay that measures total vitamin C content.

A

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method

160
Q

What sample/s are used for the measurement of cobalamin in Schilling test?

A

Urine and serum

Clinical Chemistry (3 decks)

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