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FN 125 LE #4 > Nutrition And Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Nutrition And Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the respiratory system

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronichioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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2
Q

Site of gas exchange with the blood

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

This is closely related to capillaries

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

A

Wall of alveolus + wall of capillary

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5
Q

Gas exchange occurs by

A

Diffusion

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6
Q

Medical history

A

Dyspnea
Chest pain
Respiratory rate
Breathing pattern

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7
Q

Patient history

A

Occupation
Genetics
Smoking

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8
Q

Laboratory test

A

Arterial blood gas analysis
Pulmonary function

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9
Q

Diagnostic criteria for blood gas analysis

A

PCO2 = 35-45 mmHg
PO2 = 80-100 mmHg
HCO3 = 22-26 mEQ/L
O2 saturation = > 95%
pH = 7.35 to 7.45

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10
Q

Anthropometrics

A

Body weight

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11
Q

True or false. The underlying cause of asthma is still unclear.

A

True.

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12
Q

Nutritional factors associated with asthma

A

Maternal diet during pregnancy
Infant and toddlerhood diet
Adult obesity

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13
Q

Asthma is an interplay of complex factors, such as

A

Genes
Immune system
Environment

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14
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of asthma

A

Genetic factors + Immunologic factors (T lymphocytes release cytokines —> inflammation) + Environmental factors (IgE is released —> airway edema)

Will lead to

Airway inflammation
Intermittent airway obstruction
Bronchial hyper responsiveness

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15
Q

Manifestations

A

Persistent mouth breathing
Paroxysmal dyspnea secondary to airway obstruction
Wheezing
Decreased breathing sounds

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16
Q

Objectives of drug and nutritional management

A

1) Allergic type: identify and control allergens im the environment
2) Promote adequate hydration
3) Promote improved resistance against diseases
4) Ease out difficulty of breathing
5) Encourage a health-maintenance and asthma management program

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17
Q

Rationale: provide balanced, small, nutrient-dense meals (Asthma)

A

To reduce risk of infections and poor state of health; to aid in breathing

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18
Q

Strategy: What vitamins are needed to prevent oxidative stress in tissues? (Asthma)

A

Vitamins A, C, B6, Zn

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19
Q

R: Increase fluid intake (2-3 L) (Asthma)

A

To liquefy secretions

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20
Q

R: Include sources of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (Asthma)

A

Reduce bronchial inflammation

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21
Q

R: Mg (Asthma)

A

Smooth muscle relaxant and anti-inflammatory agent

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22
Q

S: Bronchodilator (Asthma)

A

Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine in cocoa)

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23
Q

S: to prevent asthma attacks

A

Remove allergens

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24
Q

R: Na restriction for patients with pulmonary edema

A

Avoid water retention

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25
Acute inflammation of the airway structures
Bronchitis
26
Bronchitis may be serious in ________ patient and those with _______ _________ _______ disease.
Debilitated; chronic lung heart
27
This is a critical complication of bronchitis.
Pneumonia
28
Differentiate acute infections vs acute irritative
Acute infections bronchitis - Mycoplasmic pneumoniae - Chlamydia - Exposure to air pollutant Acute irritative - mineral and vegetable dusts - fumes from strong acids - tobacco or other smoke - volatile organic solvents
29
Pathophysiology of bronchitis
Hyperemia of mucous membranes —> edema, leukocytic infiltration, mucus production —> cough (affected by disturbance of cilia and bacterial invasion of the bronchi) —> airway obstruction and spasm of bronchial muscles
30
Manifestations of bronchitis
Cough: initially dry and nonproductive Fever: 38.3-38.8 C (3-5 days) Dyspnea: secondary to airway obstruction
31
MNT goals for bronchitis
Prevent dehydration Allow ample rest before and after feedings Relieve discomfort Replenish nutrients Avoid further infections Normalize body temp
32
Bronchitis: Diet should be
High calorie (40-55% CHO, 15-20% CHON, 30-40% Fat)
33
Bronchitis: Milk intake is limited because
It thickens mucus
34
Vitamin C should be adequate because
Prevents oxidative stress
35
Bronchitis: This is given to replenish GI bacteria lost because of antibiotics
Probiotics
36
Bronchitis: Potassium is provided to
Maintain fluid balance
37
A process characterized by the presence of emphysema or chronic bronchitis, or both, leading to airway obstruction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
38
Two types of COPD
Type 1 - emphysema Type 2 - chronic bronchitis
39
Differentiate type 1 COPD from type 2
Emphysema - weakened and collapsed air sacs with excess mucus - “pink puffer” - (1) thin and older (2) dyspnea (3) mild hypoxemia but normal hematocrit values (4) late cor pulmonale Chronic bronchitis - chronic productive cough with inflammation of one or more bronchi and secondary changes in the lung tissue - also called the chronic mucus hypersecretion syndrome - “blue bloater” - (1) normal or overweight (2) hypoxemia is prominent (3) increased hematocrit values (4) early cor pulmonale
40
Etiology of COPD
Tobacco smoking Air pollution Genetic susceptibility (a-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
41
Pathophysiology of COPD
a-1 antitrypsin deficiency —> neutrophils release cytotoxic proteinase —> lung elastin production and mucosal hypersecretion —> airway obstruction —> decline in lung function
42
Manifestations of COPD
Chronic or recurring cough Mucus production Presence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia Dyspnea
43
MNT goals for COPD
Correct malnutrition Overcome anorexia Prevent or correct dehydration Improve ventilation before meals Alleviate swallowing or chewing difficulties Avoid constipation
44
COPD: Diet should be
High kcal and protein (45% CHO, 15% CHON, 40% Fat)
45
COPD: Why is carbohydrate reduced?
To balance the need for O2 and elimination of CO2
46
Should soft diets be recommended for COPD patients? Why or why not?
Yes. They have chewing or swallowing difficulties.
47
COPD: small frequent feedings
To lessen fatigue
48
COPD: needed for tissue healing
Vitamin A and C
49
COPD: B complex is needed for
Energy metabolism
50
COPD: fluid intake should be
1 ml/kcal
51
True or false. Potassium and sodium should be increased for COPD patients
False. Potassium is increased, sodium is restricted
52
COPD: Fiber is increased gradually because
To avoid constipation.
53
Indicate infection and inflammation of the lung tissue
Pneumonia
54
Any lung condition in which the alveoli becomes filled with fluid or blood
Pneumonia
55
Classifications of pneumonia
Whole lungs Lobular Bronchopneumonia Interstitial
56
Pathophysiology of pneumonia (bacteria)
Pneumococci —> upper respiratory tract —> lodge in bronchioles —> inflammation in alveolar spaces —> congestion
57
Pathophysiology of pneumonia (virus)
Virus —> invade bronchiolar epithelial —> bronchiolitis —> infection extends to pulmonary interstitium and alveoli
58
Manifestations of pneumonia
Impaired pulmonary ventilation and diffusion Increased pulse rate and respirations Cyanosis on lips and nail beds Cough Elevated leukocytes
59
MNT goals for pneumonia
Prevent or correct dehydration Prevent weight loss due to hypermetabolic state Avoid additional infections Relieve breathing difficulties Avoid constipation
60
P: Progress as tolerated to a
High calorie/soft diet
61
How many liters of fluid is recommended for patients with pneumonia?
3-3.5 L
62
Should supplements and fiber be included in the diets of patients with pneumonia?
Yes.
63
PTB is caused by what bacteria
Tubercle bacillus
64
Chronic, recurrent infection most common in the lungs
PTB
65
PTB is associated with the formation of _____ in the lung tissue.
Granuloma
66
True or false. PTB cannot be acquired through air.
False.
67
Manifestations of PTB
Chest pain Cough Dyspnea Hemoptysis
68
MNT goals of PTB
Maintain or prevent weight loss Normalize Ca serum levels Replace nutrient losses from lung hemorrhage Promote healing of the cavity Stimulate appetite Prevent dehydration Prevent pleurisy and complications
69
PTB: protein and kcal
Liberal CHON and adequate kcal
70
PTB: Ca, Vit. D, and adequate fluids are provided because
To counteract INH therapy
71
PTB: B-complex is needed for
Hgb formation and wound healing
72
Isoniazid: Rifampicin:
Bacteriacidal Inhibits RNA synthesis of the bacteria

FN 125 LE #4 (1 decks)

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