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FN 125 LE #4 > Nutrition And Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Nutrition And Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the respiratory system

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronichioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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2
Q

Site of gas exchange with the blood

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

This is closely related to capillaries

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

A

Wall of alveolus + wall of capillary

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5
Q

Gas exchange occurs by

A

Diffusion

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6
Q

Medical history

A

Dyspnea
Chest pain
Respiratory rate
Breathing pattern

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7
Q

Patient history

A

Occupation
Genetics
Smoking

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8
Q

Laboratory test

A

Arterial blood gas analysis
Pulmonary function

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9
Q

Diagnostic criteria for blood gas analysis

A

PCO2 = 35-45 mmHg
PO2 = 80-100 mmHg
HCO3 = 22-26 mEQ/L
O2 saturation = > 95%
pH = 7.35 to 7.45

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10
Q

Anthropometrics

A

Body weight

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11
Q

True or false. The underlying cause of asthma is still unclear.

A

True.

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12
Q

Nutritional factors associated with asthma

A

Maternal diet during pregnancy
Infant and toddlerhood diet
Adult obesity

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13
Q

Asthma is an interplay of complex factors, such as

A

Genes
Immune system
Environment

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14
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of asthma

A

Genetic factors + Immunologic factors (T lymphocytes release cytokines —> inflammation) + Environmental factors (IgE is released —> airway edema)

Will lead to

Airway inflammation
Intermittent airway obstruction
Bronchial hyper responsiveness

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15
Q

Manifestations

A

Persistent mouth breathing
Paroxysmal dyspnea secondary to airway obstruction
Wheezing
Decreased breathing sounds

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16
Q

Objectives of drug and nutritional management

A

1) Allergic type: identify and control allergens im the environment
2) Promote adequate hydration
3) Promote improved resistance against diseases
4) Ease out difficulty of breathing
5) Encourage a health-maintenance and asthma management program

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17
Q

Rationale: provide balanced, small, nutrient-dense meals (Asthma)

A

To reduce risk of infections and poor state of health; to aid in breathing

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18
Q

Strategy: What vitamins are needed to prevent oxidative stress in tissues? (Asthma)

A

Vitamins A, C, B6, Zn

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19
Q

R: Increase fluid intake (2-3 L) (Asthma)

A

To liquefy secretions

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20
Q

R: Include sources of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (Asthma)

A

Reduce bronchial inflammation

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21
Q

R: Mg (Asthma)

A

Smooth muscle relaxant and anti-inflammatory agent

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22
Q

S: Bronchodilator (Asthma)

A

Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine in cocoa)

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23
Q

S: to prevent asthma attacks

A

Remove allergens

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24
Q

R: Na restriction for patients with pulmonary edema

A

Avoid water retention

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25
Q

Acute inflammation of the airway structures

A

Bronchitis

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26
Q

Bronchitis may be serious in ________ patient and those with _______ _________ _______ disease.

A

Debilitated; chronic lung heart

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27
Q

This is a critical complication of bronchitis.

A

Pneumonia

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28
Q

Differentiate acute infections vs acute irritative

A

Acute infections bronchitis
- Mycoplasmic pneumoniae
- Chlamydia
- Exposure to air pollutant

Acute irritative
- mineral and vegetable dusts
- fumes from strong acids
- tobacco or other smoke
- volatile organic solvents

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29
Q

Pathophysiology of bronchitis

A

Hyperemia of mucous membranes —> edema, leukocytic infiltration, mucus production —> cough (affected by disturbance of cilia and bacterial invasion of the bronchi) —> airway obstruction and spasm of bronchial muscles

30
Q

Manifestations of bronchitis

A

Cough: initially dry and nonproductive
Fever: 38.3-38.8 C (3-5 days)
Dyspnea: secondary to airway obstruction

31
Q

MNT goals for bronchitis

A

Prevent dehydration
Allow ample rest before and after feedings
Relieve discomfort
Replenish nutrients
Avoid further infections
Normalize body temp

32
Q

Bronchitis: Diet should be

A

High calorie (40-55% CHO, 15-20% CHON, 30-40% Fat)

33
Q

Bronchitis: Milk intake is limited because

A

It thickens mucus

34
Q

Vitamin C should be adequate because

A

Prevents oxidative stress

35
Q

Bronchitis: This is given to replenish GI bacteria lost because of antibiotics

A

Probiotics

36
Q

Bronchitis: Potassium is provided to

A

Maintain fluid balance

37
Q

A process characterized by the presence of emphysema or chronic bronchitis, or both, leading to airway obstruction

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

38
Q

Two types of COPD

A

Type 1 - emphysema
Type 2 - chronic bronchitis

39
Q

Differentiate type 1 COPD from type 2

A

Emphysema
- weakened and collapsed air sacs with excess mucus
- “pink puffer”
- (1) thin and older (2) dyspnea (3) mild hypoxemia but normal hematocrit values (4) late cor pulmonale

Chronic bronchitis
- chronic productive cough with inflammation of one or more bronchi and secondary changes in the lung tissue
- also called the chronic mucus hypersecretion syndrome
- “blue bloater”
- (1) normal or overweight (2) hypoxemia is prominent (3) increased hematocrit values (4) early cor pulmonale

40
Q

Etiology of COPD

A

Tobacco smoking
Air pollution
Genetic susceptibility (a-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

41
Q

Pathophysiology of COPD

A

a-1 antitrypsin deficiency —> neutrophils release cytotoxic proteinase —> lung elastin production and mucosal hypersecretion —> airway obstruction —> decline in lung function

42
Q

Manifestations of COPD

A

Chronic or recurring cough
Mucus production
Presence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia
Dyspnea

43
Q

MNT goals for COPD

A

Correct malnutrition
Overcome anorexia
Prevent or correct dehydration
Improve ventilation before meals
Alleviate swallowing or chewing difficulties
Avoid constipation

44
Q

COPD: Diet should be

A

High kcal and protein (45% CHO, 15% CHON, 40% Fat)

45
Q

COPD: Why is carbohydrate reduced?

A

To balance the need for O2 and elimination of CO2

46
Q

Should soft diets be recommended for COPD patients? Why or why not?

A

Yes. They have chewing or swallowing difficulties.

47
Q

COPD: small frequent feedings

A

To lessen fatigue

48
Q

COPD: needed for tissue healing

A

Vitamin A and C

49
Q

COPD: B complex is needed for

A

Energy metabolism

50
Q

COPD: fluid intake should be

A

1 ml/kcal

51
Q

True or false. Potassium and sodium should be increased for COPD patients

A

False. Potassium is increased, sodium is restricted

52
Q

COPD: Fiber is increased gradually because

A

To avoid constipation.

53
Q

Indicate infection and inflammation of the lung tissue

A

Pneumonia

54
Q

Any lung condition in which the alveoli becomes filled with fluid or blood

A

Pneumonia

55
Q

Classifications of pneumonia

A

Whole lungs
Lobular
Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial

56
Q

Pathophysiology of pneumonia (bacteria)

A

Pneumococci —> upper respiratory tract —> lodge in bronchioles —> inflammation in alveolar spaces —> congestion

57
Q

Pathophysiology of pneumonia (virus)

A

Virus —> invade bronchiolar epithelial —> bronchiolitis —> infection extends to pulmonary interstitium and alveoli

58
Q

Manifestations of pneumonia

A

Impaired pulmonary ventilation and diffusion
Increased pulse rate and respirations
Cyanosis on lips and nail beds
Cough
Elevated leukocytes

59
Q

MNT goals for pneumonia

A

Prevent or correct dehydration
Prevent weight loss due to hypermetabolic state
Avoid additional infections
Relieve breathing difficulties
Avoid constipation

60
Q

P: Progress as tolerated to a

A

High calorie/soft diet

61
Q

How many liters of fluid is recommended for patients with pneumonia?

A

3-3.5 L

62
Q

Should supplements and fiber be included in the diets of patients with pneumonia?

A

Yes.

63
Q

PTB is caused by what bacteria

A

Tubercle bacillus

64
Q

Chronic, recurrent infection most common in the lungs

A

PTB

65
Q

PTB is associated with the formation of _____ in the lung tissue.

A

Granuloma

66
Q

True or false. PTB cannot be acquired through air.

A

False.

67
Q

Manifestations of PTB

A

Chest pain
Cough
Dyspnea
Hemoptysis

68
Q

MNT goals of PTB

A

Maintain or prevent weight loss
Normalize Ca serum levels
Replace nutrient losses from lung hemorrhage
Promote healing of the cavity
Stimulate appetite
Prevent dehydration
Prevent pleurisy and complications

69
Q

PTB: protein and kcal

A

Liberal CHON and adequate kcal

70
Q

PTB: Ca, Vit. D, and adequate fluids are provided because

A

To counteract INH therapy

71
Q

PTB: B-complex is needed for

A

Hgb formation and wound healing

72
Q

Isoniazid:
Rifampicin:

A

Bacteriacidal
Inhibits RNA synthesis of the bacteria

FN 125 LE #4 (1 decks)

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