Nutrition and Public Health Flashcards
Exclusive breast feeding is recommended for the first __1_ of an infant’s life. Solids can be started at __2__ but definitely not before __3__. Cows milk (FULL FAT) can be introduced at __4___
1) 6 months
2) 6 months
3) 4 months
4) 1yr
Advantages and reasons to breast feed?
Immunological features Anti-infective agents Growth factors Modulators of intestinal growth Reduction in diarrhoea Reduction in respiratory infection Colonic function Reduction in atopic disease Greater likelihood of higher IQ at 7½ years Lower obesity risk for baby in later life Lower maternal breast cancer risk
Breast feeding for more than ____ months is protective against obesity
4
Do you get most overweight children to lose or maintain weight? Explain?
Get most children to maintain weight as their BMI will come down as they grow taller. If very overweight however will encourage to lose 0.5-1 kg a month
What age is BMI valid for? What is used before this?
BMI only valid for children over 2
Under 2 can use the centile line graph on back of growth charts
What centiles mean overweight and obesity?
≥ 91st centile - overweight
≥ 98th centile - clinical obesity
Define infant mortality rate?
Infant mortality is the death of young children under the age of 1. This death toll is measured by the infant mortality rate, which is the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live birth
Malaria is caused by the _____ spread by the _____
Plasmodium parasite
Female Anopheles Mosquito
What is TB?
Bacterial infection from mycobacteria tuberculosis
Describe the bacteria that causes TB?
Gram postive bacilli
What are the 3 options when become infected with TB?
1) Breathe in TB and immune system clears TB- No infection
2) Breathe in TB, stop spread but cannot clear it. Latent TB.
3) Breathe in TB and cannot control infection. Become ill. Active TB>
Symptoms of TB?
Productive cough > sometimes haemoptysis Weight loss Fever Night Sweats Most commonly pulmonary symptoms but it is a systemic disease
CXR of TB?
Enlarged lymph nodes. In very poorly controlled TB will see lots of little dots all over the lungs (miliary TB)
Positive stain red for acid fast bacilli?
Tuberculosis
Describe tests for TB?
Sputum- stains done immediately for identification (Zhiel Neelson or Auramine). Zhiel Neelson turns acid fast bacilli red.
Culture can take up to 3 weeks but is good for identifying drug sensitivities.
PCR is good for differentiating between TB and non-TB mycobacteria but can detect dead organisms
On biopsy see caseating granulomas (necrotic)
Treatment of Active TB?
2 RIPE 4 RI
Two months: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyranzamide and Ethambutol
Four months: Rifampicin and Isoniazid
Latent TB Treatment?
2 drugs for 3 months: rifampicin and isoniazid
Isoniazid for a further 3 months
Rifampicin side effect?
Stains body secretions pink/ orange Liver enzymes elevated. Oral contraception not effective.
Isoniazid side effect?
Occasionally allergic reactions or hepatitis
Pyranzamide side effect?
May cause hepatic toxicity
Ethambutol side effect?
Problems with eyesight
What causes oedema in malnutrition?
Lack of protein (Kwashiorkor)
Caseating granulomas vs non caseating granulomas?
Caseating= TB Non-caseating= not TB potentially sarcoidosis or other cause
Describe the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active: produced by contact with pathogen/ antigen. BY NATURAL INFECTION OR VACCINE
Passive: Given antibodies from the outside, passive is good if can’t give someone a vaccine but only has a short time window EG TRANSPLACENTAL IgG or ARTIFICIALLY GIVEN
