Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards
At what pH is ATP stable?
pH 6-9
What are the differences in function between ATP, UTP and GTP?
ATP: pumps, transporters, contractile events and movement
UTP: synthesis of complex sugars
GTP: protein synthesis
In glycolysis, what are the steps that use/produce ATP and which step produces NADH + H+?
Use ATP:
- Hexokinase/glucokinase: glucose –> glucose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase: Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Produce ATP:
- Phosphoglycerate kinase: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate
- Pyruvate kinase: phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
Produce NADH + H+:
1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: G3P –> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Which reactions represent activation in glycolysis?
- Hexokinase
- Phosphoglucose isomerase
- Phosphofructokinase
Which reaction splits the 6C sugar in glycolysis?
- Aldolase
Which reaction represents oxidation in glycolysis?
- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
What are the ATP synthesis stages in glycolysis?
- Phosphoglycerate kinase*
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate kinase*
What is the reaction catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase?
In muscle:
Pyruvate + NADH H+ –> L-lactate + NAD+
In liver: opposite
How is phosphofructokinase controlled allosterically?
ATP and citrate inhibit, AMP activates
What is the link reaction?
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase, CoA, NAD+)
Cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid
What type of bonds does CoA form with carboxylic acids?
Thioester bonds
What is the condensation reaction of the Krebs cycle?
Citrate synthase:
Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate –> citrate
What is the isomerisation reaction of the Krebs cycle?
Aconitase:
Citrate –> isocitrate
When is the first loss of CO2 in the Krebs cycle?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase:
Isocitrate + NAD+ –> alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH H+
When is the second loss of CO2 in the Krebs cycle?
Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase:
alpha-ketoglutarate + NAD+ –> succinyl CoA + NADH H+
When does production of GTP occur in the Krebs cycle?
Succinate thiokinase:
succinyl CoA + GDP –> succinate + GTP + CoA
When does production of FADH2 happen in the Krebs cycle?
Succinate dehydrogenase:
Succinate + FAD –> Fumarate + FADH2
What is the enzyme that converts fumarate to malate?
Fumarase
When does the third production of NADH H+ in the Krebs cycle occur?
Malate dehydrogenase:
Malate + NAD+ –> oxaloacetate + NADH H+
How many molecules of ATP does the TCA cycle produce?
10
Which enzyme steps in the Krebs cycle are irreversible and what inhibits or stimulates these?
- Citrate synthetase: NADH and succinyl CoA inhibit
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase: NADH inhibits, ADP stimulates
- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: NADH and succinyl CoA inhibit
What are the biosynthetic roles of the TCA cycle?
Transaminations:
1. Oxaloacetate –> aspartate
2. Alpha-ketoglutarate –> glutamate
Phosphoenolpyruvate production: by PEP carboxylase from oxaloacetate
Citrate –> FAs
Malate –> pyruvate (malic enzyme –> production of NADPH H+)
What is the activation step of long chain fatty acids?
Fatty acid + ATP + CoA –> acyl CoA + AMP + PPi
How are fatty acids transported into the mitochondria?
Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I:
Fatty acyl CoA + carnitine –> CoA + fatty acid-carnitine
Translocase: transports through inner mm
Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase II: opposite reaction
What is the first step of beta oxidation?
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase:
fatty acyl-CoA + FAD –> enoyl CoA + FADH2
What is the second step of b-oxi?
Enoyl CoA hydratase:
enoyl CoA + H2O –> 3-L-hydroxyacyl CoA
What is the third step of b-oxi?
3-L-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase:
3-L-HA CoA + NAD+ –> beta-ketoacyl CoA + NADH H+
How does the removal of 2C unit in b-oxi happen?
beta-ketoacyl CoA thiolase:
beta-ketoacyl CoA + CoASH –> fatty acyl CoA + acetyl CoA
What do odd-chain fatty acids require?
Enzyme requiring cobalamin (VitB12)
What activates lipase enzyme?
Adrenaline and glucagon
What are the first stages of glycogen synthesis from glucose?
- Hexokinase (muscle), glucokinase (liver) –> glucose-6-phosphate
- Phosphoglucomutase –> glucose-1-phosphate
How is UDP glucose formed?
Transferase:
Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP –> UDP glucose + PPi
Which enzyme adds glucose to protein primer (glycogenin)?
Glycogen synthase
How is glycogen synthase regulated?
Protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates glycogen synthase
Protein phosphatase dephosphorylates and activates glycogen synthase
Which enzymes are required to degrade glycogen?
Glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme
Which enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
Glucose phosphatase (only present in liver)
How is glycogen phosphorylase regulated?
Protein phosphatase deactivates
Protein kinase activates
Which enzyme converts cAMP to AMP?
Phosphodiesterase
What stimulates protein kinase?
Adrenaline and glucagon
What stimulates protein phosphatase
insulin
What are other control mechanisms in the liver and muscle?
Liver: high glucose –> glucose binds to glycogen phosphorylase and inactivates it
Muscle: high calcium concentrations –> calcium binds to calmodulin domain on glycogen phosphorylase kinase and activates it
Prolonged exercise: AMP activates glycogen phosphorylase –> no need for hormonal interaction (ATP is an inhibitor)