Nutrition and Heart disease Flashcards
AHA/ACC Diet Recommendations?
- Consume heart-healthy diet pattern (next slide) 2. Reduce intake of saturated fat to 5-6% of total kcal 3. Reduce percent of calories from saturated fat (not redundant) 4. Reduce percent of calories from trans fat 5. Consume no more than 2400 mg sodium/day
Increase what foods? Decrease what foods?
- Diet Recommendations Increase Intake Vegetables Fruits Whole grains Low-fat dairy Poultry & Fish Legumes Non-tropical oils and nuts Decrease Intake Sweets Sugar-sweetened beverages Red meats SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS Mediterranean diet pattern DASH diet plan(s)
Features of the Mediterranean diet?
• Higher in fruits and vegetables • Fresh, root and green varieties • Higher in whole grains • Cereals, breads, rice, or pasta • Low- or nonfat dairy in place of regular • Uses oils, nuts, or margarines in place of butter and other fats • Moderate in total fat (32-35% of total kcal) • Relatively low in saturated fat (9-10% of total kcal) • High in fiber (27 – 37 g/day) • High in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-3
Evidence to Mediterranean diet
Strength of Evidence: Low • Adults with DM2 or ≥3 CVD risk factors • Reduced BP by 6-7/2-3 mmHg • Healthy younger adults • Reduced BP by 2-3/1-2 mmHg • No consistent effect on LDL, HDL, or TG • Substantial differences in studies • Not one Mediterranean-specific country for dietary reference • Focus on 9 specific foods/food groups • Scorable • Compounding benefit
Mediterranean diet rubric?
- Usual diet can be given a Mediterranean Diet score
- Range from 0 (minimal adherence) to 9 (maximal adherence)
- Dietary adjustments can increase total score
- For every 2 point increase, 25% reduction in total mortality*
- Not tied to any specific food/group in pattern
- Results compound
- Small dietary changes can result in noticeable risk reduction
- a “Mediterranean diet pattern” doesn’t have to mean traditional Mediterranean food
DASH diet stands for? similar to?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- Very similar to general diet recommendations (See #1)
- Low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol
- 1,500 – 2,300mg Na/day, depending on risk factors.
- Rich in K, Mg, Ca, protein and fiber
original DASH diet pattern?
Original DASH Diet Pattern - Sample
Breakfast Oatmeal with Applesauce Whole Wheat English Muffin with Jam Light Yogurt Orange Juice
Lunch Chicken Waldorf Salad Dinner Roll Baby Carrots Nonfat Milk Cantaloupe
Snack Nectarine Handful of Almonds
Dinner Italian Bread Dipped in Olive Oil Grilled Salmon with Barbecue Sauce New Petite Red Potatoes Green Beans Hearts of Romaine Lettuce with Grape Tomatoes, Olive Oil Vinaigrette Apple Crisp with Frozen Yogurt
Evidence for DASH?
Strength of Evidence: High When body weight is kept stable, DASH diet*: • Lowered BP 5-6 mmHg systolic and 3 mmHg diastolic • Lowered LDL by 11mg/dL, lowered HDL by 4mg/dL, no effect on TG
Variations of DASH diet?
Variation 1 - Replace 10% of kcal from CHO with kcal from protein
Variation 2 – Replace 10% of kcal from CHO with kcal from unsaturated fat
moderate strength of evidence
How to modify the diets for each patient?
Adapt as needed for each patient • Personal preferences • Barriers to adherence • Why don’t diets always “work”?
MNT as needed for other conditions (e.g. DM2) • Referral to RD
How many calories from sat. fat should we aim for?
Aim for 5-6% kcal from saturated fat
• Reductions in LDL achieved when intake is reduced from 14-15% to 5-6% • Strength of Evidence: High • Effect not isolated to saturated fat • 11-13 g per day on 2000kcal diet • Current average is 11% (~25g) • Higher than tested in DASH diet • Not consistent with diet recommendations
Dietary sources of Sat. Fats?
Beef ( with marbling)
Lamb
Pork
Poultry ( with skin)
Animal fat (tallow, lard, schmaltz)
Butter
Cheese
Whole or 2% dairy products*
Palm, palm kernel, coconut oils*
Explain the reduction of Kcal from sat. fat, and how its not the same as 2…..?
- Reduce % of kcal from saturated fat
Not a redundant recommendation with #2!
Evidence statements examined specific effect of saturated fat
• Reducing SF lowers both LDL and HDL, but absolute effect is greater in LDL • reduced SF intake has a beneficial effect on lipid profile • Substitute nutrient not specified • More beneficial to replace SF with PUFA
RECOMMENDATION: adhering to “heart-healthy” dietary pattern (#1) will likely result in reduction of SF
For every 1% kcal from SF that is replaced by 1% kcal from CHO/MUFA/PUFA:
Sources of monounstaurated fats? Poly?
MUFA Plant-based oils (olive, canola, safflower) Nuts and seeds (almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia) Avocados Olives
PUFA Plant-based oils (soybean, corn, sunflower) Nuts and seeds (walnut, sunflower) Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, trout) Soybeans/Tofu
Explain reducing the percentage of kcal from transfats?
- Reduced intake of TF lowers LDL
- Little to no effect on HDL or TG
- Direction of TF/LDL relationship is consistent
- Regardless of substitution with CHO/MUFA/PUFA
- LDL reduced by 1.5/1.5/2.0 mg/dL, respectively
- Strengths of Evidence: Moderate
Dietary sources of transfat?
Natural Produced in microbiota of some animals Small quantities in milk and meat products
Artificial Processed food as “partially-hydrogenated” anything
No longer GRAS in human food by FDA (11/2013)
RECOMMENDATION: Consume as little trans fat as possible
