Nutrition and Energy Flashcards
1
Q
For a sedentery lifestyle, what is the equation for energy requirement?
A
basal metabolic rate x 1.4
2
Q
max cals for male and female
A
m - 2500kcal
f - 2000
3
Q
3 functions of AA
A
- growing
- building new tissue
- enzymes + hormone synthesis
4
Q
what are essential AA?
A
not produced by body - diet
5
Q
what are non-essential AA?
A
produced in diet from ammonia + carbon compounds q
6
Q
essential AA TV TILL PM + H
A
tryptophan valine threonine isoleucine leucine lysine phenylalanine methionine
histidine (children)
7
Q
non-essential AA
CAG CAG HATS
A
citrulline alanine glutamic acid cysteine aspartic acid glycine hydoxyproline argenine tyrosine serine
8
Q
what are nutritionally complete proteins? give examples
A
foods which supply all essential AA,
meat, eggs, milk
9
Q
what are nutritionally partial proteins? give examples
A
foods which are deficient in 1+ essential AA
grains, veg, legumes
10
Q
give 2 examples of PUFAs
A
omega 3 + 6
11
Q
omega 6
A
linoleic acid
12
Q
omega 3
A
alpha linoleic acid
13
Q
function of lipids
A
vehicle for fat soluble vits
14
Q
function of carbs
A
backbone for synthesising AA
15
Q
what is a non-starch polysaccharide an example of
A
fibre
16
Q
where in the brain is the feeding centre?
A
lateral hypothalamus
17
Q
where in the brain is the satiety centre?
A
ventromedial hypothalamus
18
Q
what may obese individuals keep eating when leptin is high?
A
reduced brain sensitivity to leptin
19
Q
where is leptin produced a
A
adipose tissue
20
Q
where does glycolysis occur?
A
cytoplasm
21
Q
purpose of glycolysis
A
glucose into pyruvate
22
Q
which shuttle allows NAD+ to be reformed?
A
Malate aspartate shuttle
23
Q
what conditions for malate aspartate shuttle?
A
aerobic
24
Q
in aerobic conditions, what does pyruvate convert into
A
lactate
25
what is used to make glucose in gluconeogenesis?
non-carbs
26
where does gluconeogenesis occur?
liver
27
what levels of ATP inhibit glycolysis?
high
28
which cycle transports lactate?
cori cycle
29
which cycle transports alanine?
alanine cycle
30
what waste material is produced by the alanine cycle?
urea
31
is glycogen soluble?
no
32
what bonds in glycogen
a-1,4-glycosidic and a-1,6for branches
33
how many residues of glucose in glycogen does branching occur
every 10
34
2 reasons why glycogen is branched?
improved solubility
more sites available for metabolism
35
in what organ is energy in terms of glycogen released instantly?
muscle
36
which organ stores glycogen for controlling blood sugar?
liver
37
which hormone stimulates glcogen breakdown in fight or flight?
adrenaline
38
how much ATP is needed to store 1 glucose molecule into glycogen?
2
39
which enzyme is used to convert glucose-6-phosphate into UDP-glucose?
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
40
what bond does glycogen synthase form
alpha-1,4-glycosidic
41
what primer is used with glycogen synthase?
glycogenin
42
what glucose does glycogenolysis form?
glucose-6-phosphate
43
role of glycogen phosphorylase
breaks a,1-4 bond
44
which enzyme converts G1P to G6P?
phosphoglucomutase
45
does the muscle contain G6P?
no
46
what is the original form of glycogen synthase?
active = form a
47
what is the original form of glycogen phosphorylase?
inactive = form b
48
function of protien phosphatase 1 ?
inactivates glycogen phosphorylase
activates glycogen synthase
49
what other hormone has the same effect as adrenaline?
glucagon
50
where is the pancreas in relation to stomach
posterior
51
2 secretive cells of pancreas and their secretiong
1. endocrine islets of langerhans - insulin, glucagon
| 2. exocrine - acinar & epithelial cells - pancreatic juice
52
how much alkaline secretions per day?
2L
53
which hormones control secretion of pancreas?
secretin, CCK
54
what causes the release of secretin into bloodstream?
HCl from stomach into duodenum
55
what causes the release of CCk into bloodstream?
Fat & peptides
56
where do proteolytic enzymes become active?
small intesine
57
which enzyme activates trypsinogen into trypsin ?
enterokinase
58
what can be given to those with deficiency in pancreatic secretions?
pancreatin
59
what effect does CCK have on the gall bladder?
causes it to contract and release bile
60
where is bile produced?
liver
61
what allows acidic chyme to enter the duodenum from the stomach?
pyloric sphincter
62
3 features of intestinal wall
villi
plicae circularis
microvilli
63
which cells secrete mucus
goblet
64
which cells secrete lysosomes
paneth
65
what does the hepatic portal vein system contain?
material absorbed from the GI tract
66
what artery supllies the liver, stomach + spleen>
coeliac
67
what artery supplies the pancrease, Si, LI
superior mesenteric artery
68
what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
LI, lower limbs
69
how many capillaries does the portal system have?
2
1. GI tract
2. Liver
70
what plexus drains into the vena cava rather than the portal system?
rectal venous plexus
71
how much cardiac output can splanchnic ciruclation recieve when gut actvity is high?
>25%
72
what does sympathetic activty of adrenaline release cause?
blood to divert away from splanchnic circ into skeletal muscle beds
73
what stimulus do the cells exhibit to activate the parasympathetic system?
release CO2 - increase diameter of blood vessel - increeasing blood flow
74
which cells release gastrin and where?
G cells of stomach
75
function of gastrin
increases mucosal blood flow by increasing diameter of blood vessels
76
which arteries cirulate the stomach
r+L gastroepiploic arteries
77
2 minor lobes of liver
quadrate + cordate
78
where is the gall bladder in relation to the liver
under right lobe of liver
79
what does the portal triad contain?
1. portal venule
2. portal arteriole
3. bile duct
80
what brings venous blood into contact with liver cells?
hepatic sinusoid
81
what occurs at the sinusoid?
venous and arterial blood mix
82
which liver cells produce bile?
hepatocytes
83
which liver cells are phagocytic?
kupffer
84
which cells perform glycogenesis?
hepatocytes
85
how much of bile salts are exreted?
10%
86
in the liver, what is bilrubin conjugated with?
glucaronic acid
87
what sphincter controls bile exretion into the duodenum
sphincter of oddi
88
3 causes of hepatitis
1. viruses
2. parasites
3. drugs
89
what is cholelithiasis?
gallstones
90
what is haemolytic jaundice?
excessive RBC breakdown- liver cannot cope - cannot xrete bilirubin
91
what is hepatocellular jaundice?
liver cells cannot absorb, process or excrete bilirubin
92
what is cholestatic obstructive jaundice?
obstruction of bile system - cannot secrete into duodenum
93
what produces prostaglandins?
linoleic acid = omega 6
94
what does gastro-intestinal distention mean? what does it cause?
filling of stomach - causes inhibitory signals on feeding centre
95
whic hormones inhibit the feeding centre?
gherlin + CCK
96
what allows the tongue to change shape?
intrinsic muscles
97
what allows the tongue to move
extrinsic muscles
98
what nerve innovates the oesophagus?
vagus nerve
99
pH of saliva when flow rate is low?
6.2
100
pH of saliva when flow rate is high?
10
101
when is the rate of saliva production the highest?
sour stimulation
102
what are epiploic appendgies
fat in large intesine
103
where is the vermiform appendix?
near cecum of large intestine
104
3 local stimuli which triggers GIT function
1. pH
2. osmolarity
3. distension
105
which contraction lats mins to hours?
tonic
106
what does phasical contraction consist of ?
peristalsis + segmentation
107
which cells set the basic electrical rhythm of contracting cells?
non-contracile pacemaker cells = cell of cajal
108
what is the predominant phasic contraction?
segmentation
109
what causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile?
CCK
110
name of circular folds in the small intestine
plicae circularis
111
where are the cells which secrete in the small intestine?
crypts of lieberkuhn
112
what do endopeptidases digest?
internal peptide bonds
113
what do exopeptidases digest? to produce what?
exterenal peptide bonds - to produce free AA
114
what is PepT1 used for?
apical absorption of peptide into intestine - antiport with di, tri peptides
115
where does peptide absorption occur in newborns?
intestinal crypt cellls
116
what process is used for mineral absorption?
active transport
117
what is iron uptake regulated by?
hepcidin
118
what does vitamin D3 regulation
transceullular absorption of Ca
119
role of NPC1L1
transports cholesterol across apical membrane
120
orgincation of celiac artery?
abdominal aorta
121
what control bile secretion into the duodenum?
sphincter of oddi
122
what is sensory-specific sateity?
satiety to different foods at different rates
123
what 3 hormones does insulin regulate?
neuropeptide y
gherlin
leptin
124
role of gherlin?
stimulates feeding
125
role of peptide YY?
satiety
126
where does the epipolic foramen lead into?
lesser omentum
127
what GLUT transporter is used by hepatocytes?
GLUT 2
128
which GLUT transporter is regulated by insulin?
GLUT 2
