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Nutrition and Energy > Nutrition and Energy > Flashcards

Nutrition and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

For a sedentery lifestyle, what is the equation for energy requirement?

A

basal metabolic rate x 1.4

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2
Q

max cals for male and female

A

m - 2500kcal

f - 2000

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3
Q

3 functions of AA

A
  1. growing
  2. building new tissue
  3. enzymes + hormone synthesis
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4
Q

what are essential AA?

A

not produced by body - diet

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5
Q

what are non-essential AA?

A

produced in diet from ammonia + carbon compounds q

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6
Q

essential AA TV TILL PM + H

A 
tryptophan 
valine
threonine 
isoleucine
leucine 
lysine 
phenylalanine 
methionine

histidine (children)

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7
Q

non-essential AA

CAG CAG HATS

A 
citrulline 
alanine 
glutamic acid 
cysteine 
aspartic acid 
glycine 
hydoxyproline 
argenine 
tyrosine 
serine
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8
Q

what are nutritionally complete proteins? give examples

A

foods which supply all essential AA,

meat, eggs, milk

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9
Q

what are nutritionally partial proteins? give examples

A

foods which are deficient in 1+ essential AA

grains, veg, legumes

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10
Q

give 2 examples of PUFAs

A

omega 3 + 6

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11
Q

omega 6

A

linoleic acid

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12
Q

omega 3

A

alpha linoleic acid

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13
Q

function of lipids

A

vehicle for fat soluble vits

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14
Q

function of carbs

A

backbone for synthesising AA

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15
Q

what is a non-starch polysaccharide an example of

A

fibre

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16
Q

where in the brain is the feeding centre?

A

lateral hypothalamus

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17
Q

where in the brain is the satiety centre?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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18
Q

what may obese individuals keep eating when leptin is high?

A

reduced brain sensitivity to leptin

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19
Q

where is leptin produced a

A

adipose tissue

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20
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q

purpose of glycolysis

A

glucose into pyruvate

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22
Q

which shuttle allows NAD+ to be reformed?

A

Malate aspartate shuttle

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23
Q

what conditions for malate aspartate shuttle?

A

aerobic

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24
Q

in aerobic conditions, what does pyruvate convert into

A

lactate

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25
Q

what is used to make glucose in gluconeogenesis?

A

non-carbs

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26
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

liver

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27
Q

what levels of ATP inhibit glycolysis?

A

high

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28
Q

which cycle transports lactate?

A

cori cycle

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29
Q

which cycle transports alanine?

A

alanine cycle

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30
Q

what waste material is produced by the alanine cycle?

A

urea

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31
Q

is glycogen soluble?

A

no

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32
Q

what bonds in glycogen

A

a-1,4-glycosidic and a-1,6for branches

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33
Q

how many residues of glucose in glycogen does branching occur

A

every 10

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34
Q

2 reasons why glycogen is branched?

A

improved solubility

more sites available for metabolism

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35
Q

in what organ is energy in terms of glycogen released instantly?

A

muscle

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36
Q

which organ stores glycogen for controlling blood sugar?

A

liver

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37
Q

which hormone stimulates glcogen breakdown in fight or flight?

A

adrenaline

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38
Q

how much ATP is needed to store 1 glucose molecule into glycogen?

A

2

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39
Q

which enzyme is used to convert glucose-6-phosphate into UDP-glucose?

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

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40
Q

what bond does glycogen synthase form

A

alpha-1,4-glycosidic

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41
Q

what primer is used with glycogen synthase?

A

glycogenin

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42
Q

what glucose does glycogenolysis form?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

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43
Q

role of glycogen phosphorylase

A

breaks a,1-4 bond

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44
Q

which enzyme converts G1P to G6P?

A

phosphoglucomutase

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45
Q

does the muscle contain G6P?

A

no

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46
Q

what is the original form of glycogen synthase?

A

active = form a

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47
Q

what is the original form of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

inactive = form b

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48
Q

function of protien phosphatase 1 ?

A

inactivates glycogen phosphorylase

activates glycogen synthase

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49
Q

what other hormone has the same effect as adrenaline?

A

glucagon

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50
Q

where is the pancreas in relation to stomach

A

posterior

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51
Q

2 secretive cells of pancreas and their secretiong

A
  1. endocrine islets of langerhans - insulin, glucagon

2. exocrine - acinar & epithelial cells - pancreatic juice

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52
Q

how much alkaline secretions per day?

A

2L

53
Q

which hormones control secretion of pancreas?

A

secretin, CCK

54
Q

what causes the release of secretin into bloodstream?

A

HCl from stomach into duodenum

55
Q

what causes the release of CCk into bloodstream?

A

Fat & peptides

56
Q

where do proteolytic enzymes become active?

A

small intesine

57
Q

which enzyme activates trypsinogen into trypsin ?

A

enterokinase

58
Q

what can be given to those with deficiency in pancreatic secretions?

A

pancreatin

59
Q

what effect does CCK have on the gall bladder?

A

causes it to contract and release bile

60
Q

where is bile produced?

A

liver

61
Q

what allows acidic chyme to enter the duodenum from the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

62
Q

3 features of intestinal wall

A

villi
plicae circularis
microvilli

63
Q

which cells secrete mucus

A

goblet

64
Q

which cells secrete lysosomes

A

paneth

65
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein system contain?

A

material absorbed from the GI tract

66
Q

what artery supllies the liver, stomach + spleen>

A

coeliac

67
Q

what artery supplies the pancrease, Si, LI

A

superior mesenteric artery

68
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

LI, lower limbs

69
Q

how many capillaries does the portal system have?

A

2

  1. GI tract
  2. Liver
70
Q

what plexus drains into the vena cava rather than the portal system?

A

rectal venous plexus

71
Q

how much cardiac output can splanchnic ciruclation recieve when gut actvity is high?

A

> 25%

72
Q

what does sympathetic activty of adrenaline release cause?

A

blood to divert away from splanchnic circ into skeletal muscle beds

73
Q

what stimulus do the cells exhibit to activate the parasympathetic system?

A

release CO2 - increase diameter of blood vessel - increeasing blood flow

74
Q

which cells release gastrin and where?

A

G cells of stomach

75
Q

function of gastrin

A

increases mucosal blood flow by increasing diameter of blood vessels

76
Q

which arteries cirulate the stomach

A

r+L gastroepiploic arteries

77
Q

2 minor lobes of liver

A

quadrate + cordate

78
Q

where is the gall bladder in relation to the liver

A

under right lobe of liver

79
Q

what does the portal triad contain?

A
  1. portal venule
  2. portal arteriole
  3. bile duct
80
Q

what brings venous blood into contact with liver cells?

A

hepatic sinusoid

81
Q

what occurs at the sinusoid?

A

venous and arterial blood mix

82
Q

which liver cells produce bile?

A

hepatocytes

83
Q

which liver cells are phagocytic?

A

kupffer

84
Q

which cells perform glycogenesis?

A

hepatocytes

85
Q

how much of bile salts are exreted?

A

10%

86
Q

in the liver, what is bilrubin conjugated with?

A

glucaronic acid

87
Q

what sphincter controls bile exretion into the duodenum

A

sphincter of oddi

88
Q

3 causes of hepatitis

A
  1. viruses
  2. parasites
  3. drugs
89
Q

what is cholelithiasis?

A

gallstones

90
Q

what is haemolytic jaundice?

A

excessive RBC breakdown- liver cannot cope - cannot xrete bilirubin

91
Q

what is hepatocellular jaundice?

A

liver cells cannot absorb, process or excrete bilirubin

92
Q

what is cholestatic obstructive jaundice?

A

obstruction of bile system - cannot secrete into duodenum

93
Q

what produces prostaglandins?

A

linoleic acid = omega 6

94
Q

what does gastro-intestinal distention mean? what does it cause?

A

filling of stomach - causes inhibitory signals on feeding centre

95
Q

whic hormones inhibit the feeding centre?

A

gherlin + CCK

96
Q

what allows the tongue to change shape?

A

intrinsic muscles

97
Q

what allows the tongue to move

A

extrinsic muscles

98
Q

what nerve innovates the oesophagus?

A

vagus nerve

99
Q

pH of saliva when flow rate is low?

A

6.2

100
Q

pH of saliva when flow rate is high?

A

10

101
Q

when is the rate of saliva production the highest?

A

sour stimulation

102
Q

what are epiploic appendgies

A

fat in large intesine

103
Q

where is the vermiform appendix?

A

near cecum of large intestine

104
Q

3 local stimuli which triggers GIT function

A
  1. pH
  2. osmolarity
  3. distension
105
Q

which contraction lats mins to hours?

A

tonic

106
Q

what does phasical contraction consist of ?

A

peristalsis + segmentation

107
Q

which cells set the basic electrical rhythm of contracting cells?

A

non-contracile pacemaker cells = cell of cajal

108
Q

what is the predominant phasic contraction?

A

segmentation

109
Q

what causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile?

A

CCK

110
Q

name of circular folds in the small intestine

A

plicae circularis

111
Q

where are the cells which secrete in the small intestine?

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

112
Q

what do endopeptidases digest?

A

internal peptide bonds

113
Q

what do exopeptidases digest? to produce what?

A

exterenal peptide bonds - to produce free AA

114
Q

what is PepT1 used for?

A

apical absorption of peptide into intestine - antiport with di, tri peptides

115
Q

where does peptide absorption occur in newborns?

A

intestinal crypt cellls

116
Q

what process is used for mineral absorption?

A

active transport

117
Q

what is iron uptake regulated by?

A

hepcidin

118
Q

what does vitamin D3 regulation

A

transceullular absorption of Ca

119
Q

role of NPC1L1

A

transports cholesterol across apical membrane

120
Q

orgincation of celiac artery?

A

abdominal aorta

121
Q

what control bile secretion into the duodenum?

A

sphincter of oddi

122
Q

what is sensory-specific sateity?

A

satiety to different foods at different rates

123
Q

what 3 hormones does insulin regulate?

A

neuropeptide y
gherlin
leptin

124
Q

role of gherlin?

A

stimulates feeding

125
Q

role of peptide YY?

A

satiety

126
Q

where does the epipolic foramen lead into?

A

lesser omentum

127
Q

what GLUT transporter is used by hepatocytes?

A

GLUT 2

128
Q

which GLUT transporter is regulated by insulin?

A

GLUT 2

Nutrition and Energy (1 decks)

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