Nutrition across lifespan Flashcards by Ashley Justine Lomboy

Causes infant to turn head when cheek is touched.
seek the nipple with mouth

Rooting reflex

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VERTICLE movements of the tounge and mandible to create NEGATIVE PRESSURE.

Sucking reflex

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anything put on the ANTERIOR PART of the tongue is PUSHED OUT OF THE MOUTH.

extrusion reflex

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• Rooting and extrusion reflexes gradually decreases and are lost by 3 to 4 months
• Control over the lips, tongue and mandible gradually develops
• At 6 months: biting and chewing
• At 9 months: good closure of mouth

Swallowing Reflex

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ENERGY (kcal) of infants (0 to 6 months)

560-620 kcal

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ENERGY (kcal) of infants from 6 to 12 pants

630-720 kcal

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is nature’s most nearly
perfect food for infants

breastfeeding

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• Infant is fed partially from both the breast and the bottle

mixed feeding

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• Infant is fed on a formula from the bottle

Artificial Feeding or Bottle Feeding

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Frequency of Feeding of infants?

10 -12 feedings per day
• 10-15 minutes per breast

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Signs of hunger of infants

• Sucking movements
• Cooing and sighing sounds
• restlessness

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• at 6 months, aside from human or formula milk additional calories and nutrients are
needed.

Nutritional needs

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• Secretions of enzymes for digestion of starch and unemulsified fats
• Gastric acidity is increased
• Maturity of kidney function

Physiological Readiness

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• Disappearance of extrusion reflex
• Head and neck control
• Ability to sit up with support

Physical Development

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Common Problems in Infancy
- effortless expulsion of gastric contents
caused by GI reflux

Regurgitation

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Common Problems in Infancy
- acute abdominal pain which results to crying and
being irritable

colic

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frequent passage of loose and watery stools

diarrhea

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• Common food allergens: egg, milk and chicken

food allergy

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ENERGY (kcal) of preschool (1-2 yrs old)

920-1000

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ENERGY (kcal) of preschool (3 to 5 yrs old)

1260-1350

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The child accepts very limited number of foods
and rejects all others.

food jags

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The child lingers or dilly-dallies with his food
during mealtime.

dawdling

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The child feels like vomiting especially when fed
coarse foods

gagging

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• “hurriedly eaten breakfast”
• “ lunch swapping”

inadequate meals

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• Fatigue (demanding school work, extra-curricular activities • Excitement of new experiences outside home • Consumption of high calorie snacks (“junk foods”) close to meal times

poor appetite

• May result to poor appetite and dental caries

sweet tooth

• Period of transition from childhood to adulthood

Adolescence

• Period characterized by increase in hormonal secretion, rapid growth, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics

puberty

• Most rapid phase of adolescent growth

growth spurt

• Beginning of menstrual function

menarche

• Signals production of testosterone in males and estrogen in females

FSH and LH

• perceived itself as fat, severe rejection of food

Anorexia nervosa

• A disorder characterized by episodes of recurrent binge-purge cycles. • During binges, the patient eats large amounts of food compulsively and quickly.

Bulimia Nervosa

• A disorder characterized by episodes of recurrent binge-purge cycles. • During binges, the patient eats large amounts of food compulsively and quickly.

Bulimia Nervosa

The branch of medicine concerned with health problems of the elderly.

geriatrics

A gradual, inevitable, complex process of progressive physiologic, cellular, and psycho-social changes that begin at conception and end at death.

aging

decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone

menopause

• Period of production of milk by the mother’s mammary gland to feed her infant

lactation

Milk synthesis and secretion by the mammary gland

lactogenesis

• First liquid secreted by the mammary gland after parturition

colostrum

• Milk secreted at the beginning of one nursing period

foremilk

• Milk secreted at the end of one nursing period

hindmilk

• begins during the last trimester of pregnancy. milk begins to form

lactogenesis I

This stage begins 2–5 days postpartum and is marked by increased blood flow to the mammary gland.

lactogenesis II

This stage of breast milk production begins about 10 days after birth and is the stage in which the milk composition becomes stable.

lactogenesis III

how much kcal do you add during lactation?

+ 500

true or false. Nutritional Inadequacies reduce the QUANTITY, not the QUALITY of breast milk

true

MILK QUALITY is maintained at the expense of?

maternal stores

• Infection of the breast tissue caused by bacteria that enter the breast through crack in the skin of the areola or through the opening to the milk duct and can multiply leading to pain, redness and swelling of breast

mastitis

• occurs when breasts are overfilled with milk • common in first-time mothers • occurs when the supply-and-demand process is not yet established, and the milk is abundant

engorgement

• Real or perceived insufficient milk supply is the most common reason for cessation of breastfeeding

low milk supply

Practices Incompatible with Lactation

alcohol, smoking, caffeine, oral contraceptives

• Produced during later stages of pregnancy and is present in highest concentration during first few days of lactation • High in protein, immunoglobulins, and vitamins and minerals • Promotes growth of bifidus flora and maturation of the GIT and meconium passage.

colostrum

• Produced 1-2 weeks post partum • Higher in fat and lactose and lower in protein and minerals than colostrum

transitional milk

– Produced at the 15th day of lactation – Composed of emulsified fat and lactose; provides 20-22 calories per ounce (0.72kcal/ml)

mature milk

• is a law that ensures safe and adequate nutrition for infants through the promotion of breastfeeding and the regulation of promotion, distribution, selling, advertising, product public relations, and information services artificial milk formulas and other covered products.

EO 51. Milk Code

• Policies: • Rooming in of infants born by Normal Spontaneous Delivery (NSD) and healthy, within 30 minutes after delivery. • Rooming in of infants born through Caesarian Section (CS) and healthy, within 3 to 4 hour after delivery

RA 7600: Rooming In and Breastfeeding Act

pregnancy is also known as?

gestation

how long is pregnancy

266 - 280 days or 40 weeks

• The first 2 weeks of gestation during which the fertilized ovum (zygote) becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus and begins to grow • Sometimes called “period of blastogenesis”

Period of Implantation

Embryonic period characterized by cell differentiation, formation of organs and structure of the developing fetal tissue.

Period of Organogenesis

3rd - 9th month of pregnancy; differentiated tissues are nourished through the placenta and continue to grow until they reach a functional size capable of supporting extrauterine life.

period of growth

• Supply fetus with nutrients and oxygen • Stores nutrients particularly vitamins • Synthesize hormones • Removes fetal waste products

placenta

• Upper end of the neural tube fails to close; brain is either missing or fails to develop

anencephaly

• Incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement; may cause paralysis, dislocated hip, curvature of the spine, muscle weakness, mental handicaps, kidney disorders, motor and sensory losses

• Spina Bifida

a congenital form of hypothyroidism that leads to diminished physical and mental development.

cretinism