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Nutrition Across Ages and Stages Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • fats
  • carbohydrates
  • protein
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2
Q

Micronutrients

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • trace elements
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3
Q

Fruit and Veg:
- includes
- portions
- what proportion of diet

A
  • fresh, frozen, tinned, juiced,
    pulped, dried (except potatoes)
  • 5 portions a day
  • 1/3 of the plate
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4
Q

Carbohydrates:
- three types
- excess stored as
- portions
- what proportion of diet

A
  • polysaccharide, disaccharides,
    monosaccharides
  • excess stored as glycogen or fat in
    the presence of insulin
  • 6-9 portions a day
  • 1/3 of diet
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5
Q

Does the body store protein?

A

No

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6
Q

What is the daily protein requirement?

A

0.8g/Kg/day (adults)

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7
Q

What % of diet should consist of protein?

A

15%

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8
Q

Milk and Dairy foods are a subset of

A

protein

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9
Q

How many servings a day required of milk and dairy foods?

A
  • 2-3 servings
  • 200mls milk, 40g cheese
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10
Q

Why is a small amount of fat intake essential?

A

source of essential fatty acids which the body cannot make

Fat helps the body absorb Vit A,D,E
these vitamins are fat soluble, hence can only be absorbed with the help of fats

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11
Q

Two categories of unsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

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12
Q

Function of monounsaturated fats?

A

help protect the heart by maintaining levels of HDL, whilst reducing LDL levels

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13
Q

Sources of monounsaturated fats?

A

Olive oil, Rapeseed oil, avocado, nuts

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14
Q

Polyunsaturated fats function

A

lower LDL levels

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15
Q

Polyunsaturated fats: 2 main types:

A
  • omega-3
  • omega-6
  • some omega-3 and omega-6 fats cannot be made by the body
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16
Q

Sources of omega-6 fats?

A

vegetable oils: rapeseed, corn, sunflower, nuts (some)

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17
Q

Sources of omega-3 fats?

A

oily fish; kippers, herring, trout, sardine, salmon, mackerel

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18
Q

Energy requirements

A
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19
Q

Micronutrients functions:

A
  • vitamins often act as co-enzymes in
    metabolic pathways
  • minerals and trace elements
    participate in a wide range of
    cellular mechanisms
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20
Q

Which micronutrients are selected fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

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21
Q

Which micronutrients are selected water soluble vitamins?

A

C,B1,B12,Folate

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22
Q

Which micronutrients are selected minerals?

A

calcium, iron, sodium, potassium

23
Q

Vitamin A table

24
Q

Vitamin D tablE

25
Vitamin E table
26
Vitamin K table
27
Vitamin C table
28
B vitamins table
29
Calcium table
30
Sodium table
31
Iron table
32
Potassium table
33
Nutritional Considerations during Life
34
Pregnancy dietary requirements
- dairy intake for pregnant woman - additional energy and thiamine are required only during the last 3 months of pregnancy, mineral requirements do not increase - supplements advised: - 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from preconception until 12 weeks gestation - avoid cod liver oil or any supplements containing Vitamin A (retinol)
35
Pregnancy and Vegan Diets:
- can be adequate in maintaining health - increased risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency - *** vegan diets no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids - all pregnant and lactating vegan woman should aim to have >200mgDHA daily and therefore may benefit from a DHA rich supplement
36
Why is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) important?
- brain development and visual system development - fatty acid composition of breast milk reflects that of the maternal diet and is a major determinant of n-3 status of a breast fed infant and subsequent immune function
37
Breastfeeding and Nutrition
- plenty of fluids, limit caffeine - increase intake of protein, all vitamins except B6, Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Se - no more than 2 portions of oily fish a week - no clear evidence that eating peanuts while breastfeeding affects baby's chances of developing a peanut allergy - calcium content of breast milk unaffected by mother's vegan diet - vegan mother's breast milk contains inadequate zinc for infants above 7 months - soya formula is the only option for non-breastfed vegan infants
38
???
???
39
Infant Feeding for the first year of life
40
Infant Feeding 0-6 months: - exclusive breast feeding? - alternatives? - alternatives and why? - "follow on" formula - baby rice? - what to add to a bottle? - vitamin supplements?
- exclusive breast feeding until 6 months recommended - First infant formula is the only suitable alternative when mothers do not breastfeed or choose to supplement breast milk - other milk should not be introduced as a main drink until 12 months age due to LOW IRON - "Follow on" formula not suitable under 6 months and not needed after 6 months - baby rice not needed to help babies move to solid food - nothing should be added to a bottle - babies having 500mls (a pint) or more of formula a day should not be given vitamin supplements
41
Weaning breastmilk?
- should start around 6 months - baby has had time to develop to cope with solid foods and be more able to feed themselves - needs to get used to eating (can eat little) - most energy and nutrients still from breast milk - foods containing allergens can be introduced now, one at a time in small amounts - cow milk can be used in cooking or mixed with food from 6 months but not as a drink till baby is 1 year old
42
All breastfed babies should take which vitamin supplement?
Vitamin D
43
Infant and child diets:
- no salt, sugar, cooking water added to food
44
Neophobia
the fear of something new
45
2 fears developed by children 3-5
- if something looks disgusting despite previously enjoying it, will not eat it - fear of contamination; something they dislike is placed next to something they like
46
Eatwell guide does not apply to children of what age?
2-5 should just focus on gradually moving to eat the same foods as the rest of the family
47
All children aged 6 months -5 years should be given which vitamin supplements daily
A,C,D
48
Children Energy Requirements
49
Vegan adolescent diets often lower in (6)
iron, riboflavin, B12,D, calicum, selenium
50
Women need less --- men need less --
Mg, Fe
51
Intake of which substances most concern in older adults?
Intakes of energy, protein, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin D, folate, iron, zinc and fiber are of most concern
52
Protein requirements ----- for men and ----- for women in later life
- decrease - increase
53
After menopause, women's iron requirement is higher than men. True or False?
False same

NME (52 decks)

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