Nutrition Across Ages and Stages Flashcards
Macronutrients
- fats
- carbohydrates
- protein
Micronutrients
- vitamins
- minerals
- trace elements
Fruit and Veg:
- includes
- portions
- what proportion of diet
- fresh, frozen, tinned, juiced,
pulped, dried (except potatoes) - 5 portions a day
- 1/3 of the plate
Carbohydrates:
- three types
- excess stored as
- portions
- what proportion of diet
- polysaccharide, disaccharides,
monosaccharides - excess stored as glycogen or fat in
the presence of insulin - 6-9 portions a day
- 1/3 of diet
Does the body store protein?
No
What is the daily protein requirement?
0.8g/Kg/day (adults)
What % of diet should consist of protein?
15%
Milk and Dairy foods are a subset of
protein
How many servings a day required of milk and dairy foods?
- 2-3 servings
- 200mls milk, 40g cheese
Why is a small amount of fat intake essential?
source of essential fatty acids which the body cannot make
Fat helps the body absorb Vit A,D,E
these vitamins are fat soluble, hence can only be absorbed with the help of fats
Two categories of unsaturated fats
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
Function of monounsaturated fats?
help protect the heart by maintaining levels of HDL, whilst reducing LDL levels
Sources of monounsaturated fats?
Olive oil, Rapeseed oil, avocado, nuts
Polyunsaturated fats function
lower LDL levels
Polyunsaturated fats: 2 main types:
- omega-3
- omega-6
- some omega-3 and omega-6 fats cannot be made by the body
Sources of omega-6 fats?
vegetable oils: rapeseed, corn, sunflower, nuts (some)
Sources of omega-3 fats?
oily fish; kippers, herring, trout, sardine, salmon, mackerel
Energy requirements
Micronutrients functions:
- vitamins often act as co-enzymes in
metabolic pathways - minerals and trace elements
participate in a wide range of
cellular mechanisms
Which micronutrients are selected fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
Which micronutrients are selected water soluble vitamins?
C,B1,B12,Folate
Which micronutrients are selected minerals?
calcium, iron, sodium, potassium
Vitamin A table
Vitamin D tablE
Vitamin E table
Vitamin K table
Vitamin C table
B vitamins table
Calcium table
Sodium table
Iron table
Potassium table
Nutritional Considerations during Life
Pregnancy dietary requirements
- dairy intake for pregnant woman
- additional energy and thiamine are
required only during the last 3
months of pregnancy, mineral
requirements do not increase - supplements advised:
- 400 micrograms of folic acid
daily from preconception until
12 weeks gestation
- 400 micrograms of folic acid
- avoid cod liver oil or any
supplements containing Vitamin A
(retinol)
Pregnancy and Vegan Diets:
- can be adequate in maintaining
health - increased risk of Vitamin B12
deficiency - *** vegan diets no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids
- all pregnant and lactating vegan
woman should aim to have
>200mgDHA daily and therefore
may benefit from a DHA rich
supplement
Why is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) important?
- brain development and visual
system development - fatty acid composition of breast
milk reflects that of the maternal
diet and is a major determinant of
n-3 status of a breast fed infant and
subsequent immune function
Breastfeeding and Nutrition
- plenty of fluids, limit caffeine
- increase intake of protein, all
vitamins except B6, Ca, P, Mg, Zn,
Cu, Se - no more than 2 portions of oily fish
a week - no clear evidence that eating
peanuts while breastfeeding affects
baby’s chances of developing a
peanut allergy - calcium content of breast milk
unaffected by mother’s vegan diet - vegan mother’s breast milk
contains inadequate zinc for infants
above 7 months - soya formula is the only option for
non-breastfed vegan infants
???
???
Infant Feeding for the first year of life
Infant Feeding 0-6 months:
- exclusive breast feeding?
- alternatives?
- alternatives and why?
- “follow on” formula
- baby rice?
- what to add to a bottle?
- vitamin supplements?
- exclusive breast feeding until 6
months recommended - First infant formula is the only
suitable alternative when mothers
do not breastfeed or choose to
supplement breast milk - other milk should not be
introduced as a main drink until 12
months age due to LOW IRON - “Follow on” formula not suitable
under 6 months and not needed
after 6 months - baby rice not needed to help
babies move to solid food - nothing should be added to a
bottle - babies having 500mls (a pint) or
more of formula a day should not
be given vitamin supplements
Weaning breastmilk?
- should start around 6 months
- baby has had time to develop to
cope with solid foods and be more
able to feed themselves - needs to get used to eating (can eat
little) - most energy and nutrients still
from breast milk - foods containing allergens can be
introduced now, one at a time in
small amounts - cow milk can be used in cooking or
mixed with food from 6 months but
not as a drink till baby is 1 year old
All breastfed babies should take which vitamin supplement?
Vitamin D
Infant and child diets:
- no salt, sugar, cooking water added
to food
Neophobia
the fear of something new
2 fears developed by children 3-5
- if something looks disgusting
despite previously enjoying it, will
not eat it - fear of contamination; something
they dislike is placed next to
something they like
Eatwell guide does not apply to children of what age?
2-5
should just focus on gradually moving to eat the same foods as the rest of the family
All children aged 6 months -5 years should be given which vitamin supplements daily
A,C,D
Children Energy Requirements
Vegan adolescent diets often lower in (6)
iron, riboflavin, B12,D, calicum, selenium
Women need less — men need less –
Mg, Fe
Intake of which substances most concern in older adults?
Intakes of energy, protein, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin D, folate, iron, zinc and fiber are of most concern
Protein requirements —– for men and —– for women in later life
- decrease
- increase
After menopause, women’s iron requirement is higher than men.
True or False?
False
same
