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NME > Nutrition Across Ages and Stages > Flashcards

Nutrition Across Ages and Stages Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • fats
  • carbohydrates
  • protein
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2
Q

Micronutrients

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • trace elements
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3
Q

Fruit and Veg:
- includes
- portions
- what proportion of diet

A
  • fresh, frozen, tinned, juiced,
    pulped, dried (except potatoes)
  • 5 portions a day
  • 1/3 of the plate
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4
Q

Carbohydrates:
- three types
- excess stored as
- portions
- what proportion of diet

A
  • polysaccharide, disaccharides,
    monosaccharides
  • excess stored as glycogen or fat in
    the presence of insulin
  • 6-9 portions a day
  • 1/3 of diet
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5
Q

Does the body store protein?

A

No

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6
Q

What is the daily protein requirement?

A

0.8g/Kg/day (adults)

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7
Q

What % of diet should consist of protein?

A

15%

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8
Q

Milk and Dairy foods are a subset of

A

protein

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9
Q

How many servings a day required of milk and dairy foods?

A
  • 2-3 servings
  • 200mls milk, 40g cheese
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10
Q

Why is a small amount of fat intake essential?

A

source of essential fatty acids which the body cannot make

Fat helps the body absorb Vit A,D,E
these vitamins are fat soluble, hence can only be absorbed with the help of fats

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11
Q

Two categories of unsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

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12
Q

Function of monounsaturated fats?

A

help protect the heart by maintaining levels of HDL, whilst reducing LDL levels

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13
Q

Sources of monounsaturated fats?

A

Olive oil, Rapeseed oil, avocado, nuts

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14
Q

Polyunsaturated fats function

A

lower LDL levels

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15
Q

Polyunsaturated fats: 2 main types:

A
  • omega-3
  • omega-6
  • some omega-3 and omega-6 fats cannot be made by the body
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16
Q

Sources of omega-6 fats?

A

vegetable oils: rapeseed, corn, sunflower, nuts (some)

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17
Q

Sources of omega-3 fats?

A

oily fish; kippers, herring, trout, sardine, salmon, mackerel

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18
Q

Energy requirements

A
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19
Q

Micronutrients functions:

A
  • vitamins often act as co-enzymes in
    metabolic pathways
  • minerals and trace elements
    participate in a wide range of
    cellular mechanisms
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20
Q

Which micronutrients are selected fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

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21
Q

Which micronutrients are selected water soluble vitamins?

A

C,B1,B12,Folate

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22
Q

Which micronutrients are selected minerals?

A

calcium, iron, sodium, potassium

23
Q

Vitamin A table

A
24
Q

Vitamin D tablE

A
25
Q

Vitamin E table

A
26
Q

Vitamin K table

A
27
Q

Vitamin C table

A
28
Q

B vitamins table

A
29
Q

Calcium table

A
30
Q

Sodium table

A
31
Q

Iron table

A
32
Q

Potassium table

A
33
Q

Nutritional Considerations during Life

A
34
Q

Pregnancy dietary requirements

A
  • dairy intake for pregnant woman
  • additional energy and thiamine are
    required only during the last 3
    months of pregnancy, mineral
    requirements do not increase
  • supplements advised:
    • 400 micrograms of folic acid
      daily from preconception until
      12 weeks gestation
  • avoid cod liver oil or any
    supplements containing Vitamin A
    (retinol)
35
Q

Pregnancy and Vegan Diets:

A
  • can be adequate in maintaining
    health
  • increased risk of Vitamin B12
    deficiency
  • *** vegan diets no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids
  • all pregnant and lactating vegan
    woman should aim to have
    >200mgDHA daily and therefore
    may benefit from a DHA rich
    supplement
36
Q

Why is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) important?

A
  • brain development and visual
    system development
  • fatty acid composition of breast
    milk reflects that of the maternal
    diet and is a major determinant of
    n-3 status of a breast fed infant and
    subsequent immune function
37
Q

Breastfeeding and Nutrition

A
  • plenty of fluids, limit caffeine
  • increase intake of protein, all
    vitamins except B6, Ca, P, Mg, Zn,
    Cu, Se
  • no more than 2 portions of oily fish
    a week
  • no clear evidence that eating
    peanuts while breastfeeding affects
    baby’s chances of developing a
    peanut allergy
  • calcium content of breast milk
    unaffected by mother’s vegan diet
  • vegan mother’s breast milk
    contains inadequate zinc for infants
    above 7 months
  • soya formula is the only option for
    non-breastfed vegan infants
38
Q

???

A

???

39
Q

Infant Feeding for the first year of life

A
40
Q

Infant Feeding 0-6 months:

  • exclusive breast feeding?
  • alternatives?
  • alternatives and why?
  • “follow on” formula
  • baby rice?
  • what to add to a bottle?
  • vitamin supplements?
A
  • exclusive breast feeding until 6
    months recommended
  • First infant formula is the only
    suitable alternative when mothers
    do not breastfeed or choose to
    supplement breast milk
  • other milk should not be
    introduced as a main drink until 12
    months age due to LOW IRON
  • “Follow on” formula not suitable
    under 6 months and not needed
    after 6 months
  • baby rice not needed to help
    babies move to solid food
  • nothing should be added to a
    bottle
  • babies having 500mls (a pint) or
    more of formula a day should not
    be given vitamin supplements
41
Q

Weaning breastmilk?

A
  • should start around 6 months
  • baby has had time to develop to
    cope with solid foods and be more
    able to feed themselves
  • needs to get used to eating (can eat
    little)
  • most energy and nutrients still
    from breast milk
  • foods containing allergens can be
    introduced now, one at a time in
    small amounts
  • cow milk can be used in cooking or
    mixed with food from 6 months but
    not as a drink till baby is 1 year old
42
Q

All breastfed babies should take which vitamin supplement?

A

Vitamin D

43
Q

Infant and child diets:

A
  • no salt, sugar, cooking water added
    to food
44
Q

Neophobia

A

the fear of something new

45
Q

2 fears developed by children 3-5

A
  • if something looks disgusting
    despite previously enjoying it, will
    not eat it
  • fear of contamination; something
    they dislike is placed next to
    something they like
46
Q

Eatwell guide does not apply to children of what age?

A

2-5
should just focus on gradually moving to eat the same foods as the rest of the family

47
Q

All children aged 6 months -5 years should be given which vitamin supplements daily

A

A,C,D

48
Q

Children Energy Requirements

A
49
Q

Vegan adolescent diets often lower in (6)

A

iron, riboflavin, B12,D, calicum, selenium

50
Q

Women need less — men need less –

A

Mg, Fe

51
Q

Intake of which substances most concern in older adults?

A

Intakes of energy, protein, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin D, folate, iron, zinc and fiber are of most concern

52
Q

Protein requirements —– for men and —– for women in later life

A
  • decrease
  • increase
53
Q

After menopause, women’s iron requirement is higher than men.

True or False?

A

False
same

NME (52 decks)

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