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Biology 3A > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The processes where cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs and the body as a whole obtain and use necessary nutrients to maintain structural and functional integrity.

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2
Q

What are dietary guidelines?

A

Targeted at individuals. Advisory statements for the whole population to promote overall nutritional well being and reduce diet related conditions. Broad targets, either qualitative or quantitative

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3
Q

What are dietary allowances?

A

Quantified amounts for subgroups of population to intake of essential nutrients (proteins, energy etc) to prevent deficiencies and prevention of some chronic diseases.

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4
Q

What are dietary goals?

A

Quantified national targets for macronutrients/micronutrients aimed at preventing long term disease. For general population - i.e. fruit and veg 5 a day

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5
Q

What are the main 5 areas on the eat well plate?

A
  • fruit and veg
  • carbs - bread, potatoes etc
  • meat, protein, eggs, beans
  • dairy
  • oils and spread
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6
Q

Why might the eat well plate be adjusted?

A
  • 2-5 years is transitional state and needs higher fats for more energy
  • for dietary needs/ medicinal needs.
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7
Q

How are DRV’s derived?

A
  1. Decide criteria used to define adequacy
  2. estimate the average amount needed to meet criteria
  3. estimate the variation of requirement
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8
Q

What is considered a safe intake?

A

A level of nutrient that there is no risk of deficiency but there is a risk of undesirable effects. Cant be concluded as deficient as they dont know individual requirements.

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9
Q

why might daily recommended values be adjusted?

A

Age, gender, physical activity, body weight, lactation/pregnancy, elderly.

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10
Q

what is the energy intake for the main nutrients?

A

Fat - 9 kcal/g
Alcohol - 7 kcal/g
Protein - 4 kcal/g
Carbs - 3.75 kcal/g

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11
Q

What are the three TEE components?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - 60-70%
Physical activity - 10-40% (70%)
Thermogenesis - 10-20%
- also needed for growth and pregnancy.

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12
Q

what is dietary fibre?

A

Portion of food which is derived from cellular walls of plants which is digested very poorly by human beings.

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13
Q

what affects properties of fatty acids?

A
  1. Number of C atoms (chain length)

2. Presence and position of double bond (saturated/unsaturated)

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14
Q

What is the role of EFA?

A

Cell membranes, growth and development and biologically active compounds.

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15
Q

What vitamins are water and fat soluble?

A

Fat soluble -> A,D,E,K

Water soluble -> B vitamins (…), C.

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16
Q

What are the main functions of essential minerals?

A

Constituents of bones and teeth.
Formation of soluble salts which control body fluid composition.
Components for many enzymes and proteins.

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17
Q

What happens with a Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Increased susceptibility to infection (decreased mucus production, decreased macrophage action and also lymphocyte)
Also impaired growth and development (infertility in males, low conception rate in females, impaired gene expression and cell differentiation).

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18
Q

What do vitamin Bs generally do?

A

releases energy from carbs and fats.
Catalyse formation of red blood cells.
Protein and amino acid metabolism.

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19
Q

What is B2 riboflavin used for?

A

Needed for flavo proteins. Needed for hydrogen carriers (essential for cellular respiration).
Food source -> milk, cheese. (FAD/FADP)

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20
Q

What is B1 thiamin used for?

A

Co-enzyme needed for production of ribose (for RNA and DNA). Needed for metabolism of carbs, fat and protein. Maybe be related to nerve impulses. Easily destroyed when cooking. Deficiency - beri beri.

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21
Q

What is B3 Niacin used for?

A

Needed for NAD/NADP (metabolism of both catabolic and synthetic processes). Deficiency = pellagra. liver, yeast.

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22
Q

what is B6 (pyridoxine) used for?

A

Synthesised by colonic bacteria. Critical for protein synthesis.

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23
Q

What Is Folate used for?

A

Essential for formation of red blood cells, take prior to pregnancy. protein synthesis from glycine.

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24
Q

What can pantothenic acid be used for?

A

Part of co-enzyme A, for all metabolism. No natural deficiency.

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25
Q

What can biotin be used for?

A

Important in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, catabolism of amino acids. Found in eggs.

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26
Q

What can vitamin C be used for?

A

regeneration of vitamin E. Its an antioxidant. Required for collagen synthesis, bile acid synthesis, noradrenaline synthesis.

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27
Q

Tell me about vitamin D?

A

used for cell differentiation, immunity, blood pressure regulation, deprivation of sunlight causes rickets and increases intestinal Calcium absorption. Most toxic of all by oral use -> hypercalacaemia.

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28
Q

Tell me about vitamin E?

A

powerful antioxidant. Protects cell components from oxidation of free radicals. Quenches free radicals and becomes oxidised, regeneration by vitamin C.

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29
Q

Tell me about vitamin K?

A

Catalyses synthesis of prothrombin in liver factors VII, IX, X. Blood doesn’t clot without. Injection given at birth to remove sterile gut to produce Vitamin K.

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30
Q

tell me about Calcium?

A

Bone and teeth structure, contraction of muscles, blood clotting, cell signalling etc.

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31
Q

Tell me about iron?

A

Oxygen transfer, component of haemoglobin. Important for blood formation and ATP production. Small oxygen reserve in muscles. Haem and non Haem irons.

32
Q

Tell me about zinc?

A

synthesis of DNA and RNA. growth and development. Structural role in proteins. Immune function. If deficiency its growth retardation. and sexual immaturity. Oysters.

33
Q

Tell me about sodium?

A

maintains ECF volume. Helps maintain acid-base balance. Important for muscles contraction and the uptake of nutrients.

34
Q

Tell me about salt?

A

If deficiency can cause increased sweating. Toxicity can cause weakened heart kidney problems, hypertension and decreased bone health. Mostly from processed foods.

35
Q

What are the three main areas of the placenta?

A
  1. Placental membrane
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Fetal endothelial cells.
36
Q

define organogenesis?

A

organ formation and cell differentiation.

37
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the embryo?

A
  • Ectoderm - brain, CNS, hair, skin.
  • Mesoderm - muscle, bone, cardio, renal.
  • Endoderm - digestive, respiratory and glandular organs.
38
Q

What are the three stages during the fetal stage?

A

Stage 1 = hyperplasia (cell replication) - folate and B12
Stage 2 = hyperplasia and hypertrophy (cells grow) - amino acids and B6
Stage 3 - hypertrophy continues

39
Q

what are some major maternal changes during pregnancy?

A

Large increase in weight due to baby weight, breast and uterus increase, fat stores increase etc/. GI function slows movement of food through gut to slow absorption. 20% increase in BMR. Increased CO, BP, renal function etc.

40
Q

why should you take 0.4mg daily up until 12 weeks pregnancy?

A

to decrease risks of Neural Tube Defects (NTD’s).

41
Q

What minerals/vitamins have increment requirement during pregnancy?

A

Calories (energy), Protein, Vitamins A, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Folic acid, Vitamin C and Vitamin D. - rest do need lots of but absorption is increased and so are stores so this helps.

42
Q

Why is more calories needed to be consumed during pregnancy?

A

To accommodate for the change in tissue mass, increased in BMR etc.

43
Q

Why is protein increased by 6g?

A

to provide growth of metal and maternal tissues.

44
Q

Why is more vitamin A needed during pregnancy?

A

growth and maintenance of fetes, providing vitamin A stores for the fetus. Maternal tissue growth. Although vitamin A supplements should not be taken due to high doses being teratogenic.

45
Q

Why should more vitamin K be taken during pregnancy?

A

maintain heightened calcium absorption and utilisation during pregnancy.

46
Q

why should more vitamin C be taken during pregnancy?

A

ensure vitamin C stores are maintained. needed mainly in last trimester.

47
Q

Why is thiamin and riboflavin needed more in pregnancy?

A

last trimester for thiamin to maintain parallel energy requirements. Riboflavin also related to energy requirements.

48
Q

Why is iron needed during pregnancy?

A

To increase blood volume, growth in fatal and maternal body tissues. No increment actually needed as adaptations is done to support this.. like other examples in the table. Iron status should be continually monitored throughout pregnancy.

49
Q

Why are iron supplements not taken?

A

Not always well tolerated (nausea, diarrhoea, constipation) and also may affect bioavailability of zinc.

50
Q

Why is the demand for calcium higher during pregnancy?

A

No increment needed. But low calcium stores, bone density may be affected. This is sorted by decreasing the bone density to increase calcium then replenished later. And also increase intestinal absorption.

51
Q

what are the three stages of breastfeeding?

A
  1. Colostrum (0-2 days) - high in VitK and slgA.
  2. Transitional (3-10 days) - as baby increases suckling, this increases milk volume.
  3. Mature Milk (from 10 days) - begins with fore-milk which is higher in lactose and water. Then hind milk which is higher in fat and energy.
52
Q

what are some non-nutritional benefits to breastfeeding?

A

Fewer infections e.g. GI and respiratory as lower exposure to pathogens via food and drink. Also contains IgA, lysosomes, macrophages etc for protection.

53
Q

What vitamins should infants take if breastfed/ formula fed?

A

A C D

54
Q

define sarcopenia?

A

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength and it is strictly correlated with physical disability, poor quality of life and death.v

55
Q

What is Xerostomia?

A

Xerostomia is defined as dry mouth resulting from reduced or absent saliva flow. Xerostomia is not a disease, but it may be a symptom of various medical conditions, a side effect of a radiation to the head and neck, or a side effect of a wide variety of medications.

56
Q

What does B12 do?

A

Maintains myelin sheath. Deficiency is pernicious anaemia which can cause nerve damage or paralysis. B12 needed to convert folate into active form. Either can treat megaloblastic deficiency.

57
Q

factors affecting elderly food selection?

A

Psychologic, Physiologic, socioeconomic

58
Q

What does your body composition comprise of?

A

Total body fat (essential and storage fats) + Fat free body mass (water, bone and muscle).

59
Q

What can a body composition assessment tell you?

A

About nutritional status, disease risk, physical fitness.

60
Q

Tell me about the different types of fat?

A
  1. Essential Fat - present in tissues/organs (BM). 3% for men/ 12% for women)
  2. Storage fat - Energy reserve that accumulates as adipose tissue beneath skin in visceral depots. 12% men/ 15% women.
61
Q

What is sarcopenia obesity (dynapenic) ?

A

High Fat Mass and Low Free-Fat Mass.

62
Q

Why is Lean Body Mass (LBM) slightly higher than FFM?

A

It is devoted of storage fat but does not exclude essential fat. Where as FFM does.

63
Q

What can densitometry be used for?

A

Underwater/ hydrostatic weighing to measure body density from body fat % and LBM. Also calculates residual air (lungs and GI).

64
Q

How does the BODPOD measure body density?

A

by air displacement in a chamber.

65
Q

How does Dual- energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) work?

A

X-rays of different energy are attenuated to different extends by fat and lean tissue. Where bones are present, results can be extrapolated.
Can estimate body composition, LBM, FM and BM.

66
Q

How does skin fold thickness work?

A

Measurement of subcutaneous skin fold thickness to determine body fat.

67
Q

How might lean mass and fat estimations be influenced?

A

By increase in extracellular water (obesity) and the distribution between extra and intracellular spaces.

68
Q

How is total body water measured?

A

By the dilution of a drink of water labelled with ….

69
Q

What is gamma ray emission an indication of?

A

Total body potassium.

Although in obese people, potassium emissions if underestimated due to fat tissue absorbing gamma rays.

70
Q

What methods can be used to predict body composition?

A
  1. Under water weighing (densitometry)
  2. BODPOD
  3. DEXA
  4. Skinfold thickness
  5. total body water
  6. total body potassium
  7. Looking at things like Bioelectric impedance, estimation equations and regression equations.
71
Q

what are the requirements for measuring BMR?

A

Fasted for 12 hours. At mental/physical rest, supine and thermoneutral temps.

72
Q

what affects energy balance in RMR?

A

FFM size and composition. Low BMR. Rate of cellular activity.

73
Q

What contributes to basal oxygen consumption (metabolic activity)?

A

Organ tissues - 60%
Muscle mass - 25%
Bones, glands, skin account for 15-20%.
Fat - 5%

74
Q

What contributes to our body weight?

A

Brain, liver, heart, kidney - 5-6%
Muscle - 30-40%
Bones,glands, skin - 33%
Fat - 20%

75
Q

What foods have what % of thermic effect on the body?

A

Protein - 5-30%
Carbs - 5-10%
Fat - 0-5%

76
Q

Components of DIT?

A 
Energy cost of eating/living. 
Enzyme activity in gut lumen
Cost of absorption in gut.
Resynthesis of absorbed nutrients. 
transport costs.

Biology 3A (5 decks)

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