Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
carb digestive end product and enzyme
A
monosaccharides
amylase
2
Q
protein digestive end product and enzyme
A
amino acids
protease
3
Q
fat end product and enzyme(s)
A
monoglycerides + fatty acids
lipase and bile
4
Q
fat soluble vitamins
A
vitamin A
vitamin D
vitamin E
vitamin K
5
Q
vision
what vitamin
A
vitamin A
6
Q
Calcium absorption
what vitamin
A
Vit D
7
Q
Clotting
what vitamin
A
K
8
Q
binds to intrinsic factor
what vitamin
A
B12 (cobalamin)
9
Q
aids in iron absorption
what vitamin
A
ascorbic acid (vit C)
10
Q
6 major minerals
A
Na+
K+
Ca++
Cl-
Mg+
Phosporus
11
Q
7 trade elements
A
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Iodine
Manganese
Chromium
Selenium
12
Q
why is it important to get rainbow veggies?
A
all have different vitamins, micronutrients, etc.
13
Q
where is vitamin B12 absorbed
A
distal ileum
14
Q
B12 binds to intrinsic factor where
A
stomach
15
Q
Beriberi is a deficiency in what what vitamin
A
thiamine
16
Q
wenicke-korsakoff syndrome is a deficiency in what vitamin
A
thiamine
17
Q
cheilitis - what vitamin def?
A
riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine
18
Q
angular stomatitis - what vitamin def?
A
riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine
19
Q
glossitis - what vitamin def?
A
riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine
20
Q
pellagra (3 Ds - diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia)
what vit def?
A
niacin (b3)
21
Q
macrocytic anemia only -what vit def
A
folate
22
Q
macrocytic anemia + peripheral neuropathy - what vit def
A
b12 - cobalamin
23
Q
rockets, osteomalacie - what vit def
A
D
24
Q
night blindness, bitot spots, poor wound healing, dry skin - what vit def
A
A
25
tetany- what nutrient def
calcium
26
pallor, pale conjunctiva, koilonychia (spoon nails) - what nutrient def
iron
27
petechiae/purpura - what vit def
C and K
28
what is necessary to prevent neural tube defect in preg
folic acid
29
what foods should be avoided in preg due to safe food handling/consumption concerns
cured deli meats, unpasteurized products, fish
30
what should exclusively breastfed infants also receive
vit D supplementation
31
what is a crucial component to healthy infancy
chart and monitor growth patterns
32
healthy childhood suggestions
whole grains, fruit/veggies, dairy, lean meats
avoid sweetened foods and beverages
33
components of healthy adulthood
well-balanced nutrient rich diet - healthy food choices, portion control, food prep and meal planning, and mindful eating
34
Na+ recommendation
less than 2300 mg/day
35
what method should you promote with adult pts
MyPlate method
replace refined grains with whole grains
5+ servings of veggies/fruits
25-35 g fiber
protein rich foods
36
in the elderly population, what increases nutritional risk
just normal aging
37
what are some "normal aging" problems with the elderly that lead to increased nutritional risk
multiple medical problems
malignancy, dementia
polypharmacy
phys changes
decreased functional status
can't prep food
social implications - poverty, fixed income, isolation, depression
38
how should you approach nutrition with the elderly
liberalize their diet
incorporate high calorie foods if needed
add oral nutrition and supplements as needed
39
who conducts nutrition assessment
dietitian
40
what does the nutrition-focused physical exam focus on
body weight
muscle wasting
fat stores
volume status
signs of nutrient deficiencies
41
edema and ascites are found on physical exam -- what deficiency
protein
42
sunken dry appearance of orbital area - what deficiency
dehydration
43
temporal muscle wasting - what def
protein and calorie
44
poor wound healing, pressure ulcers - what def
protein
vit C/A
zinc
45
muscle wasting and decreased strength - what def
protein, calorie
46
confusion - what def?
thiamine
47
what labs should you order with elderly
hydration status
CBC - looking at iron, B12, folate (anemia)
Serum albumin and pre-albumin
CRP.ESR - inflammation
Glucose - DM
BMP/CMP - looking at Na+, K+, Ca+, PO4, Mg (kidney and liver function)
Vitamins, minerals, trace
Acid base assessment
48
dietary adjustments - what might you need to do
provide specialized/modified/altered consistency diets as appropriate
49
when you would you use clear or full liquid
post-op
50
when would you use pureed or soft food diet
poor dentition, difficult to swallow
51
use high fiber diet for what
constipation and diarrhea
52
concentrated source of cals, protein, vit/minerals
oral nutrition
53
when do you consider nutrition support - EN or PN
provision of nutrients to individuals who cannot meet their nutrition requirements by mouth
54
what is preferred - EN or PN
EN
55
nutrition delivered directly into GI tract bypassing oral cavity
EN
56
appropriate for those with a functioning GI tract who are unable to meet adequate nutrient requirements by mouth
EN
57
two routes for EN
gastric
small bowel
58
when would you NOT use gastric route for EN
gastroporesis (slow emptying of stomach contents)
59
options for short term EN
nasogastric
nasoduodenal
nasojejunal
60
options for long term EN
gastrostomy (g tube)
jejunostomy (j tube)
G/J tube
61
administration of EN into stomach
bolus
62
administration of EN into small bowel
continuous small amount
63
formulas for EN
standard
pre-digested
concentrated
lyte-restricted
64
complications of EN
tube misplacement - use radiographic imaging to make sure it is okay
tube displacement - becomes dislodged
tube obstruction (displacement can lead to this)
65
metabolic complications that can occur with EN
hyperglycemia
unstable fluid/lytes
66
what does intolerance look like with EN
emesis
diarrhea
67
nutrition delivered directly into veins
PN
68
what do you administer with PN
admixture of dextrose, aa, lipid emulsion, fluid, lytes, vit/min
69
what type of nutrition would you use with:
prolonged ileus
bowel obstruction
small bowel resection
short gut syndrome
PN
70
what type of nutrition would you use
high output fistula
IBD
GI bleed
Ischemic bowel
Can't tolerate EN
PN
71
which is used more frequently for PN
PPN (peripheral)
or
TPN (total)
total
72
TPN - short or long term
long term over 7 days
73
two options for TPN
central venous catheter
PICC - peripherally inserted central cath
74
refeeding syndrome
intracellular shift of lytes - Mg, PO4, K
75
Name access routes appropriate for a pt expected to need enternal nutrition for less than 4-6 weeks
NG, ND, NJ
76
Primary mode of nutrition support in a pt with non-functioning GI tract
PN
77
Common complications of nutrition support include
mechanical, metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities
78
individualized therapeutic dietary interventions used in mgmt of medical conditions
medical nutrition tx
79
reflux of gastric contents into esophagus
GERD
80
dietary interventions for GERD
small freq meals
elevate head of bed
no citrus, acidic, spicy food
no caffeine, cola
no choc
no alcohol
81
gastroparesis - complication of what
DM - diabetic autonomic neuropathy
glycemic control should be optimized in diabetics
82
dietary interventions for gastroparesis
small frequent low fat/low fiber meals
cooked, blenderized, pureed foods and liquids
EN if needed
83
lactase def
lactose intolerance
84
restrictive/malabsorptive bariatric surgery procedure
roux-en-y gastric bypass
85
complication of bariatric surger
dumping syndrome - rapid emptying of food into small bowel
86
what do you do about dumping syndrome
small frequent meals
separate solids from liquids by 30 min
avoid simple sugars
87
immune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten leading to mucosal inflammation and vilous atrophy
celiac
88
surgical resection or disease of small bowel can disrupt digestive/absorption capacity and contribute to nutrient malabsorption.diarrhea, dehydration, lyte abnormalities
short bowel syndrome
89
diverticula of the colonic wall
diverticular disease
90
diff between diverticulosis and diverticulitis
osis - presence of sac-like protrustion/outpouching
itis - inflammation of diverticulum
91
how to prevent diverticular disease
high fiber
92
what kind of malabsorption occurs with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency
protein and fat malabsorption
93
what things cause risk of iron def
blood loss
celiac
h. pylori
roux-en-y
PPI use
94
what things cause risk of B12 def
vegan
roux en y
pernicious anemia
terminal ileum crohns disease
celiac
chronic pancreatitis
metformin
95
diet for CVD
med/DASH
96
diet for HTN
DASH
97
diet for CHF
low Na+, fluid restriction
98
renal disease leads to what
sodium and fluid retention, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia
99
what is important to remember with vit K and Coumadin
CONSISTENCY - must maintain vit K consistency
100
avoid ___ with statins
grapefruit juice
101
avoid _____ with MAOIs
tyramine containing foods
102
avoid administration of ___ with thyroid meds
calcium
103
what are foods that contain tyramine
choc, aged and mature cheeses, smoked meats, hot dogs
104
ACE-I/ARBS combined can lead to what
hyperkalemia
105
Diuretics can lead to what
hyponatremia
hypokalemia
hypomagnesemia
106
Cholestyramine can lead to what
fat soluble vitamin def
107
Sulfasalazine, methotrexate can lead to what
folic acid def
108
isoniazid can lead to what
vit b6 def
109
metformin can lead to what
vit b12 def
110
coumadin needs what
vit K consistency
111
statins and ___ should be avoided taken together
grapefruit
