Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemestry > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Cofactor for methionine synthase

A

B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sources of B12

A

Animal products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does vitamin B12 deficiency develops

A

After 4 to 5 years of absent intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Subacute combined degeneration is due to deficiency of what vitamin

A

B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is a cofactor for what type of enzymes

A

Dehydrogenases

  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis-TCA cycle)
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)
  3. Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (metabolism of valine, leucine, and isoleucine)
  4. Transketolase (HMP shunt)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diseases caused by vitamin B1 deficiency

A
  1. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: triad of ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia (Wernicke) with confabulation (korsakoff)
  2. Dry beri-beri: polineuritis, SYMMETRICAL muscle wasting
  3. Wet beri-beri: high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Part of the CNS damaged by vitamin B1 deficiency

A
  1. MAMMILLARY BODIES

2. Medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Increase in RBC transketolase activity following vitamin B1 administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Niacin is synthesized from which aminoacid

A

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathogenesis of Hartnup disease

A

Deficiency of neutral aminoacid (tryptophan) transporters in proximal renal tubular cells and on enterocytes, leading to neutral aminoaciduria and decreased absorption from the gut

*Can lead to pellagra-like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 D’s of pellagra

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Dermatitis (C3/C4 circumferential “broad collar” rash - Casal necklace, and hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs)
  3. Dementia
  4. Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a cofactor for…

A
  1. Aminotransferase reactions (ALT and AST)
  2. Delta aminolevulinate synthase (rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis)
  3. Glycogen phosphorylase
  4. Synthesis of cystathionine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common cause of pyridoxine deficiency

A

Isoniazid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency

A
  1. SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA
  2. PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
  3. Cheilosis/stomatitis
  4. Convulsions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of biotin (vitamin B7)

A

Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (adding of a 1-carbon group)

  1. Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate)
  2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA)
  3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Folate stores in the body can cover its need for how long

A

3 to 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most important clinical manifestations of folic acid deficiency

A
  1. Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia (with hypersegmented neutrophils)
  2. Homocysteinemia
  3. Neural tube defects (pregnant women)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Common signs and symptoms to all B-complex deficiencies

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Glossitis
  • Diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diseases that can be treated with vitamin A

A
  • Measles

* Acute promyelocytic leukemia (all-trans retinoic acid)

20
Q

Food sources of vitamin A

A

Liver and leafy vegetables

21
Q

Vitamin A derivative used to treat severe cystic acne

A

Isotretinoin

22
Q

Signs and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency

A
  • Nyctalopia (earliest manifestation)
  • Xerosis cutis
  • Keratomalacia (metaplasia to stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium)
  • Bitot spots
  • Immunosuppression
23
Q

Water soluble vitamin that is teratogenic

A

Vitamin A

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of B2 deficiency

A
  • Cheilosis
  • Corneal vascularization
  • Magenta-colored tongue
25
Q

Vitamin that can be derived from the aminoacid tryptophan

A

B3

*Its synthesis requires B2 and B6

26
Q

Pharmacologic use of niacin

A

Dyslipidemia

*Lowers VLDL and raises levels of HDL

27
Q

Common causes of niacin deficiency

A
  1. Harnup disease
  2. Malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism)
  3. Isoniazid (decreased B6)
28
Q

Drug that can be taken to prevent facial flushing caused by niacin

A

Aspirin

*In this case, facial flushing is caused by prostaglandins, not by histamine

29
Q

Ingestion of what type of food can lead to biotin deficiency

A

Raw egg whites (they contain avidin, which binds to biotin)

30
Q

Regions of the spinal cord affected by subacute combined degeneration (vitamin B12 deficiency)

A
  • Dorsal columns
  • Lateral corticospinal tracts
  • Spinocerebelar tracts
31
Q

Vitamin C facilitates absorption of which element

A

Iron, by reducing it to its Fe2+ state

32
Q

Neurotransmitter synthesis enzyme that requires vitamin C as a cofactor

A

Dopamine beta hydroxylase

*Converts dopamine to NE

33
Q

Signs and symptoms of scurvy

A
  • Swollen gums
  • Brusing
  • Petechiae
  • Hemarthrosis
  • Anemia
  • Poor wound healing
  • Perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages
  • Corkscrew hair
34
Q

Enzyme in charge of activating vitamin K to its reduced form

A

Epoxide reductase

35
Q

Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid resiudes on blood clotting proteins needs which lipid-soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin K

36
Q

Clotting factors that need vitamin K for their synthesis

A

Factors 2, 7, 9, 10, and proteins C and S

37
Q

Molecule deficiency that leads to Kwashiorkor

A

Protein deficiency

38
Q

Signs and symptoms of Kwashiorkor

A

“Kwashiorkor results from protein-deficient MEALS”

  • Malnutrition
  • Edema
  • Anemia
  • Liver (fatty)
  • Skin lesions (hyperkeratosis/hyperpigmentation)
39
Q

Define the “flag sign”

A

Seen in Kwashiorkor, when hair color is restored with periods of adequate dietary intake

40
Q

Pathogenesis of marasmus

A

Malnutririon not causing edema, diet is deficient in calories but no nutrients are entirely absent

*Marasmus results in muscle wasting

41
Q

Limiting reagent of alcohol metabolism

A

NAD+

42
Q

Functions of vitamin D in GI tract, kidney, and bone

A
  • GI: induces synthesis of calcium binding proteins and increases phosphate absorption
  • Kidney: stimulates absorption of calcium and secretion of phosphate
  • Bone: activates osteoclasts and induces bone resorption
43
Q

Allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

44
Q

Enzyme inhibited by warfarin

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

45
Q

Function of vitamin K epoxide reductase

A

It transforms vitamin K to its active form after it has been used by the gamma glutamyl carboxylase to carboxylate clotting factors

Biochemestry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions