Nutrition Flashcards
What proportion of the western population is overweight and what proportion is obese?
50% are overweight
25% are obese
What proportion of the global population live below recommended nutritional needs?
1/3 (<1200 kcal)
What hierarchy describes the needs of humans?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Describe the balance between obesity and undernutrition.
Prevalence of obesity is about the same as the prevalence of undernutrition (27%)
Why is body weight not reflective of nutritional status in some cases of malnourishment?
Some malnourishment will cause oedema, which will confound the body weight result.
What is usually set as the recommended intake of nutrients?
RNI - reference nutrient intake - this is 2.5 standard deviations above the estimate average intake
What three components make up energy expenditure?
Resting energy expenditure (BMR)
Adaptive thermogenesis
Exercise
Nutrition screening vs nutrition assessment?
Screening = quick and simple, during initial assessment of patient by a non-nutrition professional, NOT DIAGNOSIS
Assessment = more detailed, by a dietitian or specialist nutrition nurse, could use anthropometrics
How to assess nutritional status?
Weight, % weight loss (unintentional), BMI, other anthropometric measures (handgrip measure, skin fold thickness)
Food intake: 24 hour dietary recall, 3-7 day food diary
Biochemistry: albumin and CRP (albumin could be elevated by inflammation which is why you check C reactive protein as well), creatinine, urea
What is nutrition support?
Nutrition therapy for people unable to get enough nourishment from food and drink.
If GI tract is functioning: oral diet/supplements or enteral feeding
If GI tract isn’t functioning: parenteral feeding
What is enteral nutrition?
Delivering of a nutritionally complete feed via a tube into the stomach, duodenum or jejunum.
Access routes: nasogastric tube, nasoduodenal tube, gastrostomy tube, nasojejunal tube, jejunostomy tube
When would you use a nasogastric feed?
Individuals temporarily unable to meet nutritional requirements by oral route but with a functioning GI tract
Useful in facial trauma or severe stroke -> impairs swallowing
When would you use a gastrostomy or jejunostomy?
Gastrostomy = long term enteral feeding (> 1 month) due to neurological swallowing problems or mechanical obstruction
Jejunostomy = upper GI obstruction or fistulae, early post-op feeding, management of long term delayed gastric emptying
What is parenteral nutrition?
Administration of nutrients either centrally or peripherally when the GI tract is inaccessible or there’s insufficient GI function.
It may be given on its own or as a combination with oral/enteral nutrition.
Central catheter site = right subclavian vein
Peripherally inserted central catheter site = cephalic veins and basilic vein
When should parenteral nutrition be used?
As a last resort - PN can cause atrophy of GI structures due to underuse and there are also insertion complications e.g. pneumothorax, line complications and metabolic complications.
