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Animal Welfare > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Water

A

Essential for hydration

Flushes out toxins

Provides minerals

Transports nutrients and gases

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Needed for energy

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3
Q

Fibre

A

Keeps intestines healthy - passes through gastrointestinal tract unchanged

important for nutrient absorption, alters gut transit time

either soluble = fruit pectin
insoluble = cellulose

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4
Q

Fats

A

Additional source of energy

provides insulation - Assists in the formation of cell walls

needed for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

Source of essential fatty acids

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5
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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6
Q

Proteins

A

Growth, production and repair of tissues

manufacture of hormones and enzymes

additional store and use of energy

made up os chains of amino acids

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7
Q

Essential amino acids

A

cannot be made by the body must be provided in the diet

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8
Q

Vitamin B

A

Thiamin B1, Riboflavin B2, Niacin B3, Cobalamin B12
B12 most complex of B Vitamins

Needed for metabolism

Deficiency = poor metabolism and appetite. Anorexia. Neurological signs

Excess = Rare as water soluble

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9
Q

Vitamin C

A

Needed for immune system & healing, antioxidant and free radical scavenger, collagen synthesis

Deficiency = Poor wound healing & scurvy

Excess = Rare (water soluble)

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10
Q

Scurvy

A

teeth, gum and skin disorders

progress to full or partial limb paralysis, eye disorders and death

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11
Q

Vitamin A

A

Found in fish oils, fleshy orange coloured fruit and vegetables

Needed for production of visual pigments, reproduction, healthy skin, bone and muscle growth

Deficiency = poor vision, skin disorders, hearing disorders

Excess = fusion of vertebral joints

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12
Q

Vitamin D

A

Found in animal tissues, ergocalciferol in plants and mushrooms

Needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestines - bone and tooth formation

Deficiency = rickets (young) Osteomalacia (old)

Excess = calcification of soft tissues & kidney failure

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13
Q

Vitamin E

A

Found in many fruit and veg sources & liver

Needed = antioxidant

Deficiency = reproductive disorders males, gestation failure, degenerative skeletal muscle disease
pansteatitis (infl fat) myositis (infl muscle)

Excess = Rare (prevent absorption of other vits)

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14
Q

Vitamin K

A

Found in green leafy veg & gut flora can synthesis

Needed for normal blood clotting mechanisms

Deficiency = clotting disorders

Excess = rare - clotting disorders

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15
Q

Minerals can be in which two forms?

A

macro or micro

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16
Q

macrominerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and chloride

17
Q

Microminerals

A

iodine, Iron

18
Q

Calcium

A

macromineral

Found in green veg, soya, milk, bones

Needed for healthy bones and teeth
aids in blood clotting

Deficiency = rickets in large breed puppies

Excess = urinary stones soft tissue calcification.
Bone abnormalities in large breeds due to imbalance in Ca:P ratio

19
Q

Phosphorus

A

macromineral

Found in meat, eggs, nuts and wheat germ

Needed for growth and repair of tissues
healthy bones and teeth

Deficiency = poor bone formation

Excess = urinary stones, soft tissue calcification, hyperparathyroidism

20
Q

Iodine

A

Micromineral

Found inseaweed, seafood, eggs and nuts

Needed for healthy thyroid function

Deficiency = inadiquate thyroid hormone production. cause of hypothyroidism

Excess = rare, most animals can tolerate high levels

21
Q

Iron

A

Micromineral

Found in liver, kidneys and dark green veg

Needed for carrying oxygen to blood

Deficiency = anaemia, dull coat

Excess = anorexia and weight loss

22
Q

Potassium

A

Macromineral

Found in grains, soya, fruit and veg, yeast, beans

Needed for acid-base balance role, osmosis, nerve and muscle function

Deficiency = hypokalaemia (blood K levels too low)

Excess = hyperkalaemia (blood K levels too high)

23
Q

Hypokalaemia

A

Kidneys responsible for controlling potassium levels. excess leaves body through urine or sweat.

hypokalaemia is a result of losing too much K when in kidney failure

24
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

Potassium level in blood much higher than normal

25
Q

Sodium & Chloride

A

Macromineral

Found in salt, meat and vegetables

Needed for maintenance of osmotic integrity of fluid within the body

Deficiency = rare but lethargy and anorexia

Excess = thirst, pruritis (itching of the skin) constipation, seizures

26
Q

Nutrition calculation steps

A
  1. 30XBW+70
  2. kcals/grams i.e. 250kcal/100g
  3. answer 1/answer 2
27
Q

Canned food and biscuits

A

Bulky
Lots of carbs and water
Need more to satisfy animals needs

28
Q

Dry food

A

Advantages
less bulk

Disadvantages
More protein, more fat
Less carbs and/or fibre

29
Q

Pregnancy diet

A

1st 2/3rds of preganancy = normal maintenance energy requirements (MER)

last 1/3rd 1.5-3x MER (depending on litter size) energy dense food isless bulky (not much space in abdomen)

A growth diet is ideal as its high in fat and protein.

30
Q

Bitch protein requirement

A

22-32%

31
Q

Queen protein requirement

A

35-50%

32
Q

Hand rearing puppies/kittens

A

Hand feed every 2-4 hours

at 4 weeks wean onto a growth diet (high in fat & protein, low in CHO)

22-24% protein puppies
34% kittens

at 6 months 4meals to 2 meals

33
Q

Hand rearing rabbits

A

Rabbits require milk and lots of fibre. Hay, picked grass, vegetables & concentrate, recycling food via caecotrophs.

34
Q

Working dogs

A

High protein, high fat, low carbs (could feed a growth diet)

Greyhounds have short bursts of energy, care taken when feeding. Risk of a GDV.

35
Q

Obese dog dietary requirements

A

Increase fibre intake. Fills animal up without the extra calories. Balance fat and proteins of good quality.

36
Q

Underweight dog dietary requirements

A

Give energy dense food- 6 small meals a day – could feed a growth diet.

Complex carbs such as brown rice

37
Q

Recovering from illness or injury Dietary requirements

A

Animals with liver/heart/kidney diseases - should be careful of proteins

energy dense convalescent diet

38
Q

Elderly Dietary Requirements

A

Low protein but must be of good quality (eggs, fish, chicken)

Fat to increase to more than 5% dry matter- must be good quality (omega oils good for joints and brain)

Also makes food palatable
High fibre to fill up

Ash – moderate levels depending on blood pressure

Fibre helps with gut motility

Animal Welfare (4 decks)

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