Nutrition

Question 1

What is nutrition ?

Answer 1

The process by which living organisms take in and use food for the maintenance of life and growth

Question 2

Name the four Macronutrients

Answer 2

Protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol

Question 3

Name the three Micronutrients

Answer 3

Vitamins, Minerals and Trace elements

Question 4

How is energy expressed ?

Answer 4

Kilojoule

Question 5

Which nutrient is the most energy dense ?

Answer 5

Lipids

Question 6

Formula for metabolisable energy

Answer 6

(Gross energy in food) - (energy lost in excretions)

Question 7

What is carbohydrates composed of ?

Answer 7

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Question 8

Types of carbohydrates

Answer 8

Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Question 9

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are all what type of carbohydrates ?

Answer 9

Monosaccharides

Question 10

Polysaccharides ??

Answer 10

• Starch~ most important dietary source of carbs (seeds, corn, grains of bread cereal and pasta)
• Fibre~ non-starch, structural (oats, fruit, veg and potatoes)

Question 11

Role of CHOs in body

Answer 11

Energy source

Question 12

What do we do to things we can’t digest ?

Answer 12

excrete

Question 13

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is high in what ?

Answer 13

Lipids

Question 14

Lipids is a general term that includes…

Answer 14

Oils, Fats and waxes

Question 15

3 types of lipids

Answer 15

1. Simple Lipids - Triacylglycerols are the most common, composed of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol (main form of fat stored in ADIPOCYTES)
2. Compound Lipids - Triacylglycerol components combined with other chemicals
3. Derived - substances derived from simple and compound fats

Question 16

Types of fatty acids

Answer 16

Saturated fatty acids (single) and Unsaturated fatty acids (double)

Question 17

Whats the recommended dietary fat intake ?

Answer 17

<35% of total energy intake

Question 18

Role of fat

Answer 18

Energy source and reserve
Thermal insulation
Hunger depressor

Question 19

Two types of proteins

Answer 19

Complete proteins- contain all the essential amino acids

Incomplete proteins - lack one or more of the essential amino acids

Question 20

Recommend protein intake

Answer 20

15% of total energy intake

Question 21

Role of protein in the body

Answer 21

Amino acids are major building blocks for synthesising tissue

• hormones
• enzymes
• structural
• muscle protein
• energy source

Question 22

Can we make vitamins ??

Answer 22

Nope, we must consume them

Question 23

Micronutrients - how much is required for normal health and function ?

Answer 23

Needed in very small amounts but are essential

Question 24

What are key regulations in metabolic reactions ?

Answer 24

Vitamins, however not providing energy

Question 25

The two classifications of vitamins...

Answer 25

1. Fat soluble - stored (A, D, E, K) | 2. Water-solube - don't store, if don't use excreted, therefore must be consumed regulated

Question 26

How many vitamins ?

Answer 26

13

Question 27

Role of vitamins

Answer 27

Functions; - Hormones - Antioxidants - Mediators of cell signalling and regulators of ell and tissue growth and differentiation

Question 28

Why is it bad to have a deficiency in vitamins ?

Answer 28

They can be involved in many functions so if you have a deficiency then it can effect many functions in the body making it more serious than expected.

Question 29

Antioxidant

Answer 29

Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules

Question 30

Oxidation

Answer 30

Chemical reaction that transfers electrons from substance to oxidating agent

Question 31

Free radicals

Answer 31

Unstable, chemically reactive molecule or fragment | -Accumulation increases potential for cellular damage

Question 32

How much body mass is minerals ?

Answer 32

4%

Question 33

Role of minerals

Answer 33

Provide structure in forming bones and teeth

Question 34

What does calcium do ?

Answer 34

Calcium with phosphorus is extremely important as it; - Forms bones and teeth - Needed for muscle,hearth and digestive system - Function of blood cells

Question 35

Iron is an important part of...

Answer 35

Hemoglobin, Myoglobin and Cytochromes | Aids in transport diffusion of oxygen

Question 36

What is sodium, potassium and chlorine collectively called ?

Answer 36

Electrolytes- remain dissolved in body fluids as ions

Question 37

What is lost in sweat ?

Answer 37

Minerals

Question 38

Obesity

Answer 38

Excess body fat has accumulated

Question 39

What BMI is considered obese ?

Answer 39

>&= 30

Question 40

Causes of obesity

Answer 40

Genetics and lifestyle are contributing factors however there is no single factor

Question 41

Therapy options for obesity

Answer 41

``` Activity - Diet, Exercise Inactivity - Cognitive behavioural therapy (combination appears most effective) ~Drugs ~Surgury ```

Question 42

Name the three types of Cardio Vascular Disease

Answer 42

1. Cardio Heart Disease - heart attack 2. Stroke - sudden loss of brain function 3. Peripheral Vascular Disease - aorta

Question 43

What is cancer ?

Answer 43

Uncontrolled cell growth | Regulation of all cells has been over run

Question 44

Why is the number of cases from cancer increasing more throughout the years and is expected to increase more in years to come ?

Answer 44

As a result from the increased number of old people

Question 45

Function of nutrients for training

Answer 45

1. Promote growth and development 2. Provide energy 3. Regulate metabolism

Question 46

What is the main fuel used by muscle at low exercise intensities ?

Answer 46

Fat

Question 47

When intensity increases what become the main fuel used by the muscles ?

Answer 47

Carbohydrates

Question 48

What does energy depend on ?

Answer 48

Volume of training

Question 49

Not eating sufficient CHO - what happens ?

Answer 49

Muscle and liver energy won't be replaced Lower energy levels - fatigue Reduce alertness

Question 50

Protein supplements ?

Answer 50

Not required in athletes with a balanced diet

Question 51

What does loss of fluid depend on ??

Answer 51

Genetics, Body size, Fitness, Temp and humidity of surroundings and Duration and intensity of exercise

Question 52

How does glucose and water influence one another's uptake ?

Answer 52

Large fluid volume impairs CHO uptake | Concentrated sugar solutions impair fluid replacement

Question 53

What are isotonic drinks good for ?

Answer 53

Ideal for rehydrating and refuelling - only should be consumed in tense activity

Question 54

What are the reasons to why the death rate from CHD has fallen across the whole of the UK ?

Answer 54

~Clinical improvements ~Better advice ~Health service is simnifically enhanced in this time period

Question 55

What is the Scottish diet low in ?

Answer 55

Vitamin E, C and fibre

Question 56

What is the Scottish diet high in ?

Answer 56

Saturated fats and salts and sugars