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GI/Nutrition > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B1 (thiamin)?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis/TCA), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA), HMP transketolase (pentose phosphate pathway), branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCaKDH, breakdown of Leu, Ile, and Val)

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2
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis/TCA), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA), glutathione reductase (antioxidant rxns), methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (folate cycling), electron transport chain complex I, succinate dehydrogenase (TCA), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (fatty acid beta oxidation)

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3
Q

Which enzyme is the first to exhibit diminished function in vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

HMP transketolase

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4
Q

Which enzyme is the first to exhibit diminished function in vitamin B2 deficiency?

A

glutathione reductase

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5
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B3 (niacin)?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis/TCA), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA), 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (glycolysis), isocitrate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle), malate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle), beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (fatty acid synthesis), enoyl-ACP reductase (fatty acid synthesis), enoyl-ACP reductase (fatty acid synthesis), HMG-CoA reductase (cholesterol synthesis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pentose phosphate pathway), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (pentose phosphate pathway)

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6
Q

Which enzymes/processes use pantathenic acid (CoA-SH)?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis/TCA), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)

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7
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B7 (biotin)?

A

pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis), proprionyl-CoA carboxylase (branched-chain AA and odd-chain fatty acid catabolism)

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8
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

A

transamination and decarboxylation of AAs (AA catabolism), non-essential AA synthesis, histidine-histamine, NT synthesis, glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen breakdown)

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9
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B9 (folic acid)?

A

purine/pyrimidine synthesis (DNA/RNA synthesis), methionine synthetase (methionine/methylation cycle), histidine catabolism

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10
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin B12?

A

methionine synthetase (methionine/methylation cycle), methyl malonyl mutase (branched-chain AA catabolism)

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11
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin E?

A

antioxidant: scavenges free radicals to prevent fatty acid oxidation

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12
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin C?

A

Vitamin E recycling, free radical scavenging, cytochrome B (intestinal Fe reduction and absorption), proline and lysine hydroxylation in collagen synthesis

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13
Q

Which enzymes/processes use vitamin A?

A

transcription factor; retinol: reproduction and spermatogenesis; retinal: vision; retinoic acid: epithelial cell differentiation/maintenance, embryonic development, immune function

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14
Q

Which enzyme is the first to exhibit decreased deficiency in vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

methyl malonyl mutase (BCAA catabolism)

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15
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamins/cofactors does it use?

A

bridges glycolysis and TCA cycle (converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA); vitamins B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), and B3 (niacin), pantothenic acid (CoA-SH)

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16
Q

What does alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamins/cofactors does it use?

A

part of the TCA cycle (converts alpha-ketogluarate into succinyl-CoA); vitamins B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), and B3 (niacin), pantothenic acid (CoA-SH)

17
Q

What does HMP transketolase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

catalyzes two steps in the pentose phosphate pathway; vitamin B1 (thiamin)

18
Q

What does glutathione reductase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

uses NADPH to reduce/recyle glutathione; vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

19
Q

what does branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

breaks down branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine (when mutated, causes maple syrup urine disease); vitamin B1 (thiamin)

20
Q

what does methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

converts methylene-THF into methyl-THF for use in the one-carbon pathway; vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

21
Q

what vitamin does electron transport chain complex I use?

A

vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

22
Q

what does succinate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

part of the TCA cycle and acts as complex II of the electron transport chain; vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

23
Q

what does acyl-CoA dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

part of fatty acid beta-oxidation; vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

24
Q

what does 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

glycolysis; vitamin B3 (niacin)

25
Q

what does isocitrate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

TCA cycle; vitamin B3 (niacin)

26
Q

what does malate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

TCA cycle; vitamin B3 (niacin)

27
Q

what does beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

fatty acid synthesis; vitamin B3 (niacin)

28
Q

what does enoyl-ACP reductase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

fatty acid synthesis; vitamin B3 (niacin)

29
Q

what does HMG-CoA reductase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

cholesterol synthesis; vitamin B3 (niacin)

30
Q

what does glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

pentose phosphate pathway; vitamin B3 (niacin)

31
Q

what does 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

pentose phosphate pathway; vitamin B3 (niacin)

32
Q

what does pyruvate carboxylase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

gluconeogenesis (converts acetyl-CoA –> oxaloacetic acid); vitamin B7 (biotin)

33
Q

what does acetyl-CoA carboxylase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

fatty acid synthesis; vitamin B7 (biotin)

34
Q

what does proprionyl-CoA carboxylase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

branched-chain amino acid and odd-chain fatty acid catabolism; vitamin B7 (biotin)

35
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase do, and what vitamin does it use?

A

glycogen breakdown; vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

36
Q

what does methionine synthetase do, and what vitamins does it use?

A

converts homocysteine –> methionine in the one-carbon cycle; vitamin B9 (folate) and B12

37
Q

what does methyl malonyl mutase, and what vitamin does it use?

A

branched-chain AA catabolism; vitamin B12

38
Q

what other nutrients does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) require to be biologically active/useful?

A

vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and zinc

39
Q

what enzyme is required to make dietary folate biologically active?

A

glutamate carboxypeptidase (cleaves glutamate moieties)

GI/Nutrition (3 decks)

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