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First Aid - Biochemistry > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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2
Q

What is toxicity more common for fat soluble vitamins?

A

Toxicity is more common for fat than water soluble vitamins because fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in fat.

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3
Q

What is fat soluble vitamin absorption dependent on?

A

Gut and pancreas

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4
Q

What can commonly cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies?

A

Malabsorption syndromes with steatorrhea, such as cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.

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5
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C

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6
Q

What is the name of vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine (TPP)

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7
Q

What is the name of vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

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8
Q

What is the name of vitamin B3?

A

Niacin (NAD+)

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9
Q

What is the name of vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid (CoA)

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10
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine (PLP)

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11
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

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12
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B9?

A

Folate

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13
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

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14
Q

What is the name of Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic Acid

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15
Q

What do B-complex deficiencies often result in?

A

Dermatitis, glossitis, and diarrhea

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16
Q

What water soluble vitamins don’t wash out easily from the body?

A

B12 and folate (stored in liver)

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17
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A (retinol)?

A

Antioxidant; constituent of visual pigments (retinal); essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancreatic cells, mucus-secreting cells); prevents squamous metaplasia.

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18
Q

What is another name for Vitamin A?

A

Retinol

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19
Q

What is Vitamin A often used to treat?

A

Measles and AML subtype M3

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20
Q

What is vitamin A found in?

A

Liver and leafy vegetables

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21
Q

What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

Night blindness (nyctalopia); dry, scaly skin (xerosis cutis(; corneal degeneration (keratomalacia); Bitot spots on conjunctiva; immunosuppression

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22
Q

What does acute Vitamin A toxicity cause?

A

Nausea, vomiting, vertigo and blurred vision

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23
Q

What does chronic Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

Alopecia, dry skin (e.g. scaliness), hepatic toxicity and enlargement, arthralgias and pseudotumor cerebri

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24
Q

Why is excess Vitamin A harmful in pregnancy?

A

Teratogenic (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

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25
What is required before Isotretinoin is prescribed? What is Isotreitinoin and why is it given?
Negative pregnancy test and reliable contraception. Vitamin A derivative. Severe acne.
26
What is the function of Vitamin B1?
In thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor for several dehydrogenase enzyme reactions: - Pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA cycle) - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle) - Transketolase (HMP shunt) - Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
27
What does a Vitamin B1 deficiency cause?
Impaired glucose breakdown --> ATP depletion worsened by glucose infusion; highly aerobic tissues (e.g., brain, heart) are affected first.
28
What conditions are caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency?
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi. Seen in malnutrition and alcoholism. (secondary to malnutrition and malabsorption)
29
How is Vitamin B1 deficiency diagnosed?
Increase in RBC transketolase activity following vitamin B1 administration.
30
How do you remember that Vitamin B1 deficiency causes Beriberi?
Spell beriberi as Ber1Ber1
31
How do you remember the reactions Thiamine is involved in?
Think ATP: alpha-ketoglucatrate dehydrogenase, Transketolase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase
32
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Confusion, ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of eye muscles), ataxia (classic triad) + confabulation, personality change, memory loss (permanent). Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, mammillary bodies.
33
What is dry beriberi?
Polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting
34
What is wet beriberi?
High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema
35
What is function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
Component of flattens FAD and FMN, used as cofactors in redox reactions, e.g., the succinate dehydrogenase reaction in the TCA cycle.
36
What does Vitamin B2 deficiency cause?
1. Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth) 2. Corneal vascularization
37
What are the 2 C's of B2 deficiency?
1. Cheilosis | 2. Corneal vascularization
38
What is the function of Vitamin B3?
Constituent of NAD+, NADP+ (used in redox reactions). Derived from tryptophan.
39
What does the synthesis of B3 require?
Vitamins B2 and B6
40
What is Vitamin B3 used to treat?
Dyslipidemia
41
What effect does Vitamin B3 have on cholesterol levels?
- Lowers levels of VLDL | - Raises levels of HDL
42
What does Vitamin B3 deficiency lead to?
Severe deficiency leads to pellagra, which can be caused by Hartnup disease, malignant cordoned syndrome and isoniazid.
43
What are the symptoms of pellagra?
1. Diarrhea 2. Dementia (also hallucinations) 3. Dermatitis (C3/C4 dermatome circumferential "broad collar" rash [Casal necklace], hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs)
44
What is Hartnup disease characterized by?
Dec. tryptophan absorption.
45
What is Malignant carcinoid syndrome characterized by?
Inc. tryptophan metabolism.
46
What does Isoniazid cause with VB3 deficiency?
Dec. Vitamin B6
47
What does excess Vitamin B3 cause?
Facial flushing (induced by prostaglandin, not histamine; can avoid by taking aspirin with niacin) hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia.
48
What is the function of Vitamin B5?
Essential component of coenzyme A (CoA, a cofactor for acyl transfers) and fatty acid synthase.
49
What does Vitamin B5 deficiency cause?
Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency
50
What is the function of Vitamin B6?
Converted to pyridoxial phosphate (PLP), a cofactor used in transamination (e.g. ALT and AST), decarboxylation reaction, glycogen phosphorylase.
51
What is Vitamin B6 used to synthesize?
Cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, and neurotransmitters including serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and GABA.
52
What does Vitamin B6 deficiency cause?
Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy (deficiency incurable by isoniazid and oral contraceptives), sideroblastic anemias due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess.
53
What component in egg whites binds biotin?
Avidin
54
What is the function of Vitamin B7?
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (which add a 1-carbon group): - Pyruvate carboxylase: pyruvate (3C) --> oxaloacetate (4C) - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: acetyl-CoA (2C) --> malonyl-CoA (3C) - Propionyl-CoA carboxylase: propionyl-CoA (3C) --> methylmalonyl-CoA (4C)
55
What is Vitamin B7 deficiency?
-Relatively rare | Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis.
56
What causes Vitamin B7 deficiency?
Antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites.
57
What is the function of Vitamin B9?
Converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions.
58
What is the most important function of Vitamin B9?
Important for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA.
59
Where is Vitamin B9 found?
Leafy green vegetables.
60
Where is Vitamin B9 absorbed?
In the jejunum
61
Where is the reserve pool for Vitamin B9?
Primarily in the liver
62
What does Vitamin B9 deficiency cause?
- Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia - Hypersegmented polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) - Glossitis - No neurological symptoms (as opposed to vitamin B12 deficiency)
63
What labs are present in Vitamin B9 deficiency?
- Inc. homocysteine | - Normal methylmalonic acid levels
64
What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the United States?
Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
65
What is Vitamin B9 deficiency often seen in?
Alcoholism and pregnancy
66
What is supplemented in early pregnancy?
Maternal folic acid - to decrease risk of neural tube defects
67
What drugs can cause Vitamin B9 deficiency?
Phenytoin, Sulfonamides, Methotrexate.
68
What is the function of Vitamin B12?
Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcobalamin) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
69
What does Vitamin B12 deficiency cause?
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; hypersegmented PMNs; paresthesias and subacute combined degeneration (degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts) due to abnormal myelin.
70
What lab values is Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with?
Inc. serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels.
71
What does prolonged Vitamin B12 deficiency cause?
Irreversible nerve damage
72
What antibodies are diagnostic for pernicious anemia?
Anti-intrinsic factor antibodies
73
Where is Vitamin B12 found?
In animal products
74
What is Vitamin B12 deficiency usually caused by?
- Insufficient intake (e.g. veganism) - Malabsorption (e.g. sprue, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum) - Lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass surgery) - Absence of terminal ileum (Crohn disease).
75
What is the only thing that can synthesize Vitamin B12?
Microorganisms
76
What is the reserve for Vitamin B12 in the body?
Very large reserve pool (several years) stored primarily in the liver.

First Aid - Biochemistry (1 decks)

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