Nutrition Flashcards
What does DRI stand for?
Dietary reference intake. DRI established upper limits on the consumption of some nutrients, and incorporate the role of nutrients in life-long health, going beyond deficiency diseases.
What does RDA stand for?
Recommended Dietary Allowances
What are the 4 dietary reference standards that DRI consist of?
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Adequate Intake (AI) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
What is EAR?
Estimated Average Requirement is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of one half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. It is useful in estimating the actual requirement in groups and individuals
What is RDA?
The Recommended Dietary Allowance is the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all 97-98% the individuals in a life stage and gender group. The RDA is not the minimal requirement for healthy individual; rather, it is intentionally set to provide a margin of safety form most individuals. The EAR serves as the foundation for setting the RDA. If the standard deviation is available for EAR and the requirement for the nutrient is normally distributes, the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR, that is RDA= EAR + 2SD(ear).
What is AI?
Adequate intake is set instead of a RDA if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an EAR or RDA. The AI is based on estimates of nutrient intake by a a group of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate.
What is UL?
Tolerable upper intake level is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects may increase.
What is the AMDR
Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges are defined as a range of intakes for a particular macronutrient that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate amounts of essential nutrients.
What is referred to as polyunsaturated fats?
Triacylglycerols containing primarily fatty acids with more than one double bonds are referred to as polyunsaturated fats. The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cardiovascular disease is influenced by the location of the double bond within the molecule.
How does a diet with n-6 fatty acid helps? How do we obtain this essential FA?
n-6 Fatty acids are long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the first double bond begining at the sixth carbon atom, consumption of fats containing n-6 PUFAs, principally linoleic acid obtained from vegetable oils, lowers plasma cholesterol when substituted for saturated fats. Plasma LDL are lowered, but HDL, which protect against CHD, are also lowered.
How does a diet with n-3 fatty acid helps? How do we obtain this essential FA?
These are long-chain, polyunsaturated FA, with the first double bond beginning at the third carbon atom. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fats suppress cardiac arrhythmias, reduce serum TAGs, decrease the tendency for thrombosis, lower blood pressure, and substantially reduce risk of CHD, But they have little effect on LDL or HDL cholesterol levels.
What are the Monosaccharides?
Glucose and fructose are the principal monosaccharides found in food. Glucose is abundant in fruits, sweet corn, corn syrup, and honey. Free fructose is found together with free glucose and sucrose in honey and fruits.
What are the Disaccharides?
The most abundant disaccharides are sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (Glucose + galactose), and Maltose (glucose + glucose).
What can happen in excess consumption of protein? What are the two disease that can arise from it?
When excess protein is eliminated from the body as urinary nitrogen, it is often accompanied by increased urinary calcium, increasing the risk of nephrolithiasis (The formation of crystal aggregates in the urinary tract results in kidney stones) and osteoporosis.
If you have a child with edema, and protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories.
What kind of disease that this child has?
Kwashiorkor disease, which occurs when protien deprivation is relatively greater thatn the reduction in total calories. Unlike Marasmus, significant protein deprivation is associate with severe loss of visceral protein, (the amount of protein that is contained in the internal organs). Symtoms include elarged fatty liver, and decreased plasma albumin concentrations.
What disease develops when calorie deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein?
Marusmus: occurs when calorie deprivation is relatively greather than the reduction in protein. Marusmus usually occurs in children younger than one year. (Unlike Kwashiorkor that occurs in children after weaning at about one year of age) The mother’s milk is supplemeted with thin watery gruels of native cereals, which are usually deficient in protein and calories. These children do not show edema or lower levels of plasma albumin.
