Nutrition Flashcards
What are the nutritional requirements?
in australian dietary guidlines, dont apply to people who need special dietary advice for a medical condition or frail elderly.
Differentiate between macronutrients and micronutrients
macronutrients - primary source of energy, relatively larger amounts, carbs, proteins, and fats.
micronutrients - support various metabolic processes such as cell function, smaller amounts, vitamins and minerals.
Differentiate between vitamins and minerals
vitamins
- fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
- water soluble vitamins B (thiamin B1 and riboflavin B2, folic acid etc), and vitamin C
minerals
- major: calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, chloride
- trace: iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, selenium, copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese
What are the needs of the body?
caloric needs - energy to carry out cellular reactions
nutritional needs - prevent body from losing its own macromolecules, essential amino and fatty acid building blocks, vitamins and minerals essential in tissue structure and enzyme reactions
What is RDI?
recommended dietary intakes, meet most peoples needs/ UL = upper levels
What are carbs, fats and proteins?
carbs
- mono, di and polysaccharides
- glycemic index
fat
- essential and non-essential
- trans, saturated and unsaturated
protein
- essential and non-essential amino acids
- complete and incomplete
What is protein?
enzymes, hormones, immunoproteins or antibodies, transporting nutrients, buffers, structural
What are lipids?
in food:
- trigyclerides (fats and oils)
- strerols (cholesterol)
- phospholipids (lecithin)
What are carbs?
monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose
polysaccharide - starch
non available CHOs - resistant starch, dietary fibre
What are fatty acids?
4-24 carbons long, saturated of unsaturated, cis or trans double bonds
What is the difference between essential and non-essential fatty acids?
essential
- unsaturated fatty acids
- cannot be manufactured in the body
- linoleic acid (omega 6) and alpha linolenic acid (omega 3)
non-essential
- various fatty acids
- required for health and growth
- synthesised in the body
What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
complete
- animal food sources
- high quality, all amino acids present
incomplete
- plant food sources
- low quality, some essential amino acids may be limiting
What is energy homeostasis?
it is the regulation of food intake, which can be influenced biologically, psychologically and social-culturally.
How is food intake regulated?
hypothalamus. regulation occurs through short and long term control.
What is energy balance dysregulation?
there is neutral energy, positive energy balance and negative energy balance.
What is a positive energy balance?
overweight and obseity
- risk factor for CVD, T2D, high BP
- low socio-econimic status, aboriginal and torres strait islanders, and remote areas are at greater risk
What is a negative energy balance?
cachexia
- metabolic disorder
- anoerxia-cachexia syndrome, cancer, AIDS, chronic imflammatory disorders
eating disorders
- binge eating, anorexia nervosa
What is basal metabolic rate?
BMR is minimum energy required for essential physiological function. affected by fat free mass, body surface area, age, body temp, stress, thyroxine and epinephrine levels.
How is BMR measured?
direct calorimetry (uncommon)
foodstuffs + O2 = ATP + heat
indirect calorimetry
foodstuffs + O2 = heat + CO2 + H2O
- open-circuit spirometry, sensewear armband
estimated with equations
- schofield
- harris-benedict
- cunningham
How does nutrition change across the lifecycle?
requirements, issues, education
Give an example of nutrition change in older adults
physiological changes
- body weight, decreased BMR, overweight and underweight both common
- body composition, decrease in fat free mass, sacropenia (loss of muscle mass)
- taste and smell, oral health, appetite and thirst
nutritional changes
- increased dietary requirements for protein, riboflavin, B6, D and calcium
- decreased energy requirements
What are different diets?
habitual food and drink consumption, affected by ethical and religious beliefs, culture, clinical need, weight control
Give an example of 3 different diets
vegan
- plant based, no animal products
- probably favourable to CVD
- lower BMI, cholesterol, blood glucose
- vit B12, d, calcium, iron, omega 3 FA deficiency
mediterranean
- high amounts of olive oil, legumes, fruit, vegetables, moderate fish, dairy, red wine, low non-fish meat products
- reduced risk of overall mortality, CVD, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, overall cancer incidence, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes
keto
- high fat, adequate protein, low carb
- therapeutic diet to treat drug-resistant epilepsy
- maybe metabolic benefits related to cancer neurodegenerative conditions
- short and long term adverse effects
Describe australian food labelling
set by food standards australia and new zealand (FSANZ). nutritional information panels says size of standard serving of product and which nutrients are contained in that serving. health star rating designed to choose healthier packaged foods at a glance.
