Nutrition Flashcards
what are mineral nutrients?
what are minerals?
inorganic elements from soil. 2 types
naturally occurring inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and a crystalline structure. formed through geological processes
minerals refer to specific inorganic elements or compounds that are essential for various physiological functions and growth
mineral nutrients are of 2 types on what basis? name?
based on quantity in which they are required.
macro required by large quantities, C, H, O, P,S, K, Ca, Mg
micro required by plant in traces aka trace elements Mn, Cu, Z, B, Fe, Cl, Mo
how plants get N?
why is it imp.?
excessiveness & deficiency?
know the function of it & then u can know its excessiveness & deficiency
Plants get nitrogen in the form of soluble nitrates.
major component of proteins, hormones, vitamins & enzymes essential for plant life. Nitrogen metabolism is a major factor in
stem and leaf growth.
Too much nitrogen can delay flowering and fruiting.
Deficiencies of N can reduce yields, cause yellowing of the leaves and stunt growth.
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth. esp. leaves & stem
why is Mg imp. for plants
deficiency?
Magnesium is a structural component of chlorophyll. It is also necessary for the functioning of plant enzymes to produce carbohydrates, sugars and fats. It is used for fruit and nut formation & essential for germination of seeds.
Deficiency of magnesium causes yellowing and wilting of leaves.
what are organic fertilizers? example?
Organic fertilizers are derived from plant and animal materials. They are more complex and take time to be broken down into forms usable by plants.
humus is formed by decaying manure, rotten leaves, fruits & vegetables.
They can also increase soil drainage, aeration and the ability of the soil to hold nutrients (retention).
which nutrients are mostly depleted by the growing crops?
in what form N is added to what?
in what form K is added?
in what form P is added?
Naturally occurring inorganic fertilizers include _________.
advantages of inorganic fertilizers?
inorganic N, P, K are added to soil cz they are finished.
ammnonium nitrate, ammnonium sulphate & urea. soil
potassium chloride & potassium sulphate
rock phosphate, super phosphate
rock phosphate, elemental sulfur & gypsum.
dissolve readily in water & are immediately available to plants for uptake.
environmental hazards of chemical fertilizers?
Ammonia gas may be emitted from the inorganic fertilizers. This extra ammonia can also increase soil acidity.
eutrophication- result in massive fish kill
nitrogen fertilizers cause the emission of greenhouse nitrous oxide.
the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of of algae. When algae die or decompose
carb consists of ________?
sources of carbs?
milk sugar?
calories per gram?
what is sugar?
____________ is the most often used carbohydrate for energy.
what does hydrate of _____ mean?
C H O
1. sugar, maize, barley, potato, honey, fruits, sweets
2. lactose is found in milk of mammals.
3. 4kcal on oxidatioan by cells per gram
4. a carbohydrate
5. Glucose
6. carbon 2:1 ratio of H to O
proteins consist of ________.
sources?
components of?
play role as?
why do we use proteins for growth?
C H O N
animal proteins: milk, egg, meat
plant proteins: pulses, legumes, nuts, fresh fruits, dry fruits.
essential components of the cytoplasm, membranes & organelles.
major components of muscles, ligaments, & tendons.
A pulse is the edible seed from a legume plant. Pulses include beans, lentils, and peas. For example, a pea pod is a legume, but the pea inside the pod is the pulse.
what is actin & myosin?
functions of protein?
functional and structural proteins of the muscles and help in muscle contraction.
many proteins acts as enzymes & hormones
many proteins act as structural proteins and take part in building and repairing of the body tissue
the protein hemoglobin found in RBCs transport oxygen
a neutral lipis consists of ___________.
_______ from animals is ____________ and ________ at room temp.
_______ come from plants is ________ and _______ at room temp. example
calories per gram?
lipids are used to_______?
glycerol bonded to 1, 2, 3 fatty acids
fats saturated solid
oil unsaturated liquid
9 kcal per gram
to form membranes, the sheaths surrounding neurons, and certain hormones.
milk, butter, cheese, eggs, mutton, fish, mustard seeds, coconut & dry fruits etc
fats & oils together are lipids
Saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids ?
Saturated fatty acids have all of their carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids have some of their carbon atoms double-bonded in place of a hydrogen atom
They are called “saturated” because they contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.
what are vitamins?
types? based on?sources
essential micronutrients organic compounds
2 fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, & K) & the water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B & vitamin C)
solubility
food or made by bacteria in our intestine
sources of vitamin A?
functions?
deficiency?
state w/ reasons
carrots Leafy vegetables Yellow fruits Fish Liver Egg, milk & butter
supports bone growth and immune function
cell differentiation
needed for synthesis of visual pigments of rhodopsin of rod cells and iodopsin of cone cells for eyesight.
healthy skin hair and mucous membrane and for proper bone growth.
dry eyes, night blindness, skin problems, repeated infections, slow wound helaing, retarded growth of bones teeth & muscles
hair follicles become plugged with keratin, giving dry texture to skin
a process through which embryonic cells transform into mature cells with specific functions.
It combines with a protein called opsin to form rhodopsin in rod cells of the retina of eye. That’s why it causes night blindness
sources of ascorbic acid?
deficiency?
functions?
state w/ reasons
citrus fruits leafy green vegetables, beef liver
needed to form collagen (a fibrous protein) that gives strength to connective tissues. Collagen is also needed for the healing of wounds. Vitamin C in WBCs enables the immune system to function properly. maintain capillaries, bone & teeth, synthesis of hormones absorption of iron
slow wound healing, nose bleeds, dry skin, fatigue, scurvy, weak immunity, rough hair
Symptoms of scurvy include muscle and joint pain, swollen and bleeding gums, slow wound healing, & dry skin.
what causes scurvy why?
_________ contains very little vitamin C?
state w/ reasons
lack of vitamin C. In this condition the synthesized collagen is unstable.
milk
sources vitamin D?
functions?
deficiency?
state w/ reasons
The best-known function of vitamin D is to help regulate blood levels of calcium and phosphorous. increases the absorption of these minerals from intestine and their deposition in bones.
mainly found in fish liver oil, milk, ghee, & butter etc. It is also synthesized by skin
when ultraviolet (UV) radiations from the Sun are used to convert a compound into vitamin D.
Long-term deficiency of vitamin D affects bones. In children, vitamin-D deficiency leads to rickets, a condition in which bones weaken and bow under pressure.
In adults, vitamin-D deficiency causes osteomalacia, or “softening of bones, ”increasing the risk for fractures in bones.
what causes night blindness?
which compound is present in carrots?
which compound aids absorption of iron?
which compound aids in absorption of phosphorous?
a condition in which hair follicles become plugged with keratin, giving dry texture to skin is caused by?
which compound helps in muscle contraction?
which compound aids in synthesis of hormones?
which compound deficeincy causes weight gain?
which compound acts as hormones?
which compound is present in WBCs?
state w/ reasons
vitamin A
vitamin A
vitamin C
vitamin D
deficiency of vitamin D
protein
Vitamin C
vitamin D
many proteins & lipids
Vitamin C
calcium is a ______.
functions
deficiency
softeness of bones causes ______ in adults.
state w/ reasons
mineral (inorganic)
milk, cheese, egg yolk, beans, nuts,
cabbage
muscle contraction & nerve conduction development and maintenance of bones and teeth. also needed for maintaining cell membranes and connective tissues & for the activation of several enzymes. Ca also aids in blood clotting.
causes spontaneous discharge of nerve impulses which may result in tetany, bones also become soft, blood clots slowly & wounds heal slowly, heart problems, fractures, loss of appetite, brittle nails, tooth decay,
osteomalacia
which substance causes shortness of breath?
which substance causes loss of appetite?
which substance is responsible for maintainance of mucous membrane?
which substance is in dates?
state w/ reasons
iron
Ca
vitamin A
iron
relate the components to your daily life?
why do u check ur eyes for blood
why milk is good for bones
why people working hard outise have hard bones?
what component makes food bulky?
why carrots are good for eyes?
why some people look pale & yellow like safa?
why iron is essential for blood?
why leafy greens are good for easy removal of feces?
iron sources
deficiency? functions?
Iron plays a major role in oxygen transport and storage. It is a component of haemoglobin in RBCs & myoglobin in muscle cells. Cellular energy production also requires iron. It acts as cofactor for many enzymes of cellular respiration. Iron also supports immune function.
red meat, egg yolk, whole wheat, fish, spinach, mustard etc
sources of water
functions
deciency
Water functions as the environment in
which water-soluble foodstuff is absorbed in the intestines and the waste products are eliminated in urine. maintain body temperature through evaporation,
as in sweating. water is the constituent of mucus in alimentary canal.
Severe dehydration may result in cardiovascular problems, brain & kidney damage
what is fiber? & cellulose
fibres types?
a type of carbohydrate found in plant-based foods that the human body cannot digest or absorb.
Fiber is a general term that encompasses various types of complex carbohydrates that cannot be fully digested.
Cellulose is a specific type of fiber that is a major component of plant cell walls.
sources of insoluble fibers & soluble fibers? do they break down?
The insoluble dietary fibre travels quickly through small intestines.
Its sources are wheat bran, cereals cellulose
The soluble dietary fibre breaks down as it passes through alimentary canal.
Its sources are oats, beans, barley, and many fruits and vegetables.
FMIGTN
how & what fibre prevents & relieves constipation?
which fibre is found in cell walls of plants?
lack?
by stimulating the contraction of intestinal muscles.
insoluble fibre
insoluble cellulose of plant cell walls
proper peristaltic movements do not occur so the undigested matter in the large intestine cannot move along fast enough too much water is absorbed by large intestine this causes constipation
good appetite : enjoy your meal = bon appetit
