Nutrition

Question 1

what are mineral nutrients?
what are minerals?

Answer 1

inorganic elements from soil. 2 types
naturally occurring inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and a crystalline structure. formed through geological processes

minerals refer to specific inorganic elements or compounds that are essential for various physiological functions and growth

Question 2

mineral nutrients are of 2 types on what basis? name?

Answer 2

based on quantity in which they are required.
macro required by large quantities, C, H, O, P,S, K, Ca, Mg
micro required by plant in traces aka trace elements Mn, Cu, Z, B, Fe, Cl, Mo

Question 3

how plants get N?
why is it imp.?
excessiveness & deficiency?

know the function of it & then u can know its excessiveness & deficiency

Answer 3

Plants get nitrogen in the form of soluble nitrates.
major component of proteins, hormones, vitamins & enzymes essential for plant life. Nitrogen metabolism is a major factor in
stem and leaf growth.
Too much nitrogen can delay flowering and fruiting.
Deficiencies of N can reduce yields, cause yellowing of the leaves and stunt growth.

Nitrogen is essential for plant growth. esp. leaves & stem

Question 4

why is Mg imp. for plants
deficiency?

Answer 4

Magnesium is a structural component of chlorophyll. It is also necessary for the functioning of plant enzymes to produce carbohydrates, sugars and fats. It is used for fruit and nut formation & essential for germination of seeds.
Deficiency of magnesium causes yellowing and wilting of leaves.

Question 5

what are organic fertilizers? example?

Answer 5

Organic fertilizers are derived from plant and animal materials. They are more complex and take time to be broken down into forms usable by plants.
humus is formed by decaying manure, rotten leaves, fruits & vegetables.
They can also increase soil drainage, aeration and the ability of the soil to hold nutrients (retention).

Question 6

which nutrients are mostly depleted by the growing crops?
in what form N is added to what?
in what form K is added?
in what form P is added?
Naturally occurring inorganic fertilizers include _________.
advantages of inorganic fertilizers?

Answer 6

inorganic N, P, K are added to soil cz they are finished.
ammnonium nitrate, ammnonium sulphate & urea. soil
potassium chloride & potassium sulphate
rock phosphate, super phosphate
rock phosphate, elemental sulfur & gypsum.
dissolve readily in water & are immediately available to plants for uptake.

Question 7

environmental hazards of chemical fertilizers?

Answer 7

Ammonia gas may be emitted from the inorganic fertilizers. This extra ammonia can also increase soil acidity.
eutrophication- result in massive fish kill
nitrogen fertilizers cause the emission of greenhouse nitrous oxide.

the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of of algae. When algae die or decompose

Question 8

carb consists of ________?
sources of carbs?
milk sugar?
calories per gram?
what is sugar?
____________ is the most often used carbohydrate for energy.
what does hydrate of _____ mean?

Answer 8

C H O
1. sugar, maize, barley, potato, honey, fruits, sweets
2. lactose is found in milk of mammals.
3. 4kcal on oxidatioan by cells per gram
4. a carbohydrate
5. Glucose
6. carbon 2:1 ratio of H to O

Question 9

proteins consist of ________.
sources?
components of?
play role as?
why do we use proteins for growth?

Answer 9

C H O N
animal proteins: milk, egg, meat
plant proteins: pulses, legumes, nuts, fresh fruits, dry fruits.
essential components of the cytoplasm, membranes & organelles.
major components of muscles, ligaments, & tendons.

A pulse is the edible seed from a legume plant. Pulses include beans, lentils, and peas. For example, a pea pod is a legume, but the pea inside the pod is the pulse.

Question 10

what is actin & myosin?
functions of protein?

Answer 10

functional and structural proteins of the muscles and help in muscle contraction.
many proteins acts as enzymes & hormones
many proteins act as structural proteins and take part in building and repairing of the body tissue
the protein hemoglobin found in RBCs transport oxygen

Question 11

a neutral lipis consists of ___________.
_______ from animals is ____________ and ________ at room temp.
_______ come from plants is ________ and _______ at room temp. example
calories per gram?
lipids are used to_______?

Answer 11

glycerol bonded to 1, 2, 3 fatty acids
fats saturated solid
oil unsaturated liquid
9 kcal per gram
to form membranes, the sheaths surrounding neurons, and certain hormones.
milk, butter, cheese, eggs, mutton, fish, mustard seeds, coconut & dry fruits etc

fats & oils together are lipids

Question 12

Saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids ?

Answer 12

Saturated fatty acids have all of their carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids have some of their carbon atoms double-bonded in place of a hydrogen atom

They are called “saturated” because they contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.

Question 13

what are vitamins?
types? based on?sources

Answer 13

essential micronutrients organic compounds
2 fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, & K) & the water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B & vitamin C)
solubility
food or made by bacteria in our intestine

Question 14

sources of vitamin A?
functions?
deficiency?

state w/ reasons

Answer 14

carrots Leafy vegetables Yellow fruits Fish Liver Egg, milk & butter
supports bone growth and immune function
cell differentiation
needed for synthesis of visual pigments of rhodopsin of rod cells and iodopsin of cone cells for eyesight.
healthy skin hair and mucous membrane and for proper bone growth.
dry eyes, night blindness, skin problems, repeated infections, slow wound helaing, retarded growth of bones teeth & muscles

hair follicles become plugged with keratin, giving dry texture to skin

a process through which embryonic cells transform into mature cells with specific functions.
It combines with a protein called opsin to form rhodopsin in rod cells of the retina of eye. That’s why it causes night blindness

Question 15

sources of ascorbic acid?
deficiency?
functions?

state w/ reasons

Answer 15

citrus fruits leafy green vegetables, beef liver
needed to form collagen (a fibrous protein) that gives strength to connective tissues. Collagen is also needed for the healing of wounds. Vitamin C in WBCs enables the immune system to function properly. maintain capillaries, bone & teeth, synthesis of hormones absorption of iron

slow wound healing, nose bleeds, dry skin, fatigue, scurvy, weak immunity, rough hair

Symptoms of scurvy include muscle and joint pain, swollen and bleeding gums, slow wound healing, & dry skin.

Question 16

what causes scurvy why?
_________ contains very little vitamin C?

state w/ reasons

Answer 16

lack of vitamin C. In this condition the synthesized collagen is unstable.
milk

Question 17

sources vitamin D?
functions?
deficiency?

state w/ reasons

Answer 17

The best-known function of vitamin D is to help regulate blood levels of calcium and phosphorous. increases the absorption of these minerals from intestine and their deposition in bones.
mainly found in fish liver oil, milk, ghee, & butter etc. It is also synthesized by skin
when ultraviolet (UV) radiations from the Sun are used to convert a compound into vitamin D.
Long-term deficiency of vitamin D affects bones. In children, vitamin-D deficiency leads to rickets, a condition in which bones weaken and bow under pressure.
In adults, vitamin-D deficiency causes osteomalacia, or “softening of bones, ”increasing the risk for fractures in bones.

Question 18

what causes night blindness?
which compound is present in carrots?
which compound aids absorption of iron?
which compound aids in absorption of phosphorous?
a condition in which hair follicles become plugged with keratin, giving dry texture to skin is caused by?
which compound helps in muscle contraction?
which compound aids in synthesis of hormones?
which compound deficeincy causes weight gain?
which compound acts as hormones?
which compound is present in WBCs?

state w/ reasons

Answer 18

vitamin A
vitamin A
vitamin C
vitamin D
deficiency of vitamin D
protein
Vitamin C
vitamin D
many proteins & lipids
Vitamin C

Question 19

calcium is a ______.
functions
deficiency
softeness of bones causes ______ in adults.

state w/ reasons

Answer 19

mineral (inorganic)
milk, cheese, egg yolk, beans, nuts,
cabbage
muscle contraction & nerve conduction development and maintenance of bones and teeth. also needed for maintaining cell membranes and connective tissues & for the activation of several enzymes. Ca also aids in blood clotting.
causes spontaneous discharge of nerve impulses which may result in tetany, bones also become soft, blood clots slowly & wounds heal slowly, heart problems, fractures, loss of appetite, brittle nails, tooth decay,
osteomalacia

Question 20

which substance causes shortness of breath?
which substance causes loss of appetite?
which substance is responsible for maintainance of mucous membrane?
which substance is in dates?

state w/ reasons

Answer 20

iron
Ca
vitamin A
iron

Question 21

relate the components to your daily life?
why do u check ur eyes for blood
why milk is good for bones
why people working hard outise have hard bones?
what component makes food bulky?
why carrots are good for eyes?
why some people look pale & yellow like safa?
why iron is essential for blood?
why leafy greens are good for easy removal of feces?

Question 22

iron sources
deficiency? functions?

Answer 22

Iron plays a major role in oxygen transport and storage. It is a component of haemoglobin in RBCs & myoglobin in muscle cells. Cellular energy production also requires iron. It acts as cofactor for many enzymes of cellular respiration. Iron also supports immune function.
red meat, egg yolk, whole wheat, fish, spinach, mustard etc

Question 23

sources of water
functions
deciency

Answer 23

Water functions as the environment in
which water-soluble foodstuff is absorbed in the intestines and the waste products are eliminated in urine. maintain body temperature through evaporation,
as in sweating. water is the constituent of mucus in alimentary canal.
Severe dehydration may result in cardiovascular problems, brain & kidney damage

Question 24

what is fiber? & cellulose
fibres types?

Answer 24

a type of carbohydrate found in plant-based foods that the human body cannot digest or absorb.

Fiber is a general term that encompasses various types of complex carbohydrates that cannot be fully digested.
Cellulose is a specific type of fiber that is a major component of plant cell walls.

Question 25

sources of insoluble fibers & soluble fibers? do they break down?

Answer 25

The **insoluble** dietary fibre travels quickly through small intestines. Its sources are wheat bran, cereals cellulose The **soluble** dietary fibre breaks down as it passes through alimentary canal. Its sources are oats, beans, barley, and many fruits and vegetables. ## Footnote FMIGTN

Question 26

how & what fibre prevents & relieves constipation? which fibre is found in cell walls of plants? lack?

Answer 26

by stimulating the contraction of intestinal muscles. insoluble fibre insoluble cellulose of plant cell walls proper peristaltic movements do not occur so the undigested matter in the large intestine cannot move along fast enough too much water is absorbed by large intestine this causes constipation ## Footnote good appetite : enjoy your meal = bon appetit

Question 27

why men need more energy than woman? at what age BMR is highest? why?

Answer 27

higher muscle mass, which requires more energy for maintenance. 1 or 2 cause of growth & need for extra nutrients like Ca for growing bones, iron for RBCs vitamin D to help calcify bones & vitamin A for disease resistence.

Question 28

PEM? malnutrition? kwashiorkor marasmus

Answer 28

when protein intake or energy intake, or both, chronically fail to meet the body's requirements. deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients. diseases caused by mn is PEM OIC MDD PEM causes kwashiorkor & marasmus. due to protein deficiency at the age of about 12 months when breast feeding is discontinued. It can also develop at any time during a child’s growing years. Children may grow to normal height but are abnormally thin. usually develops between the ages of six months and one year. Patients lose all their body fat and muscle strength, and acquire a skeletal appearance. Children with marasmus show poor growth and look small for their age

Question 29

deficiency of Na Ca Fe Mg I Cu Zi

Answer 29

pg 116

Question 30

goitre is caused by the deficiency of __________. how?

Answer 30

iodine Iodine is used by thyroid gland to produce hormones that control the body’s normal functioning and growth. If sufficient iodine is not available in a person’s diet, thyroid gland becomes enlarged and it results in swelling in neck.

Question 31

how anemia is caused?

Answer 31

The term anemia literally means “a lack of blood.” It is caused when the number of RBCs is reduced than the normal. Haemoglobin molecule contains a single atom of iron at its centre. If body fails to receive sufficient amounts of iron, adequate number of haemoglobin molecules are not formed. In this case, there are not enough functioning of RBCs. The patient is weak and there is shortage of oxygen supply to body’s cells ## Footnote lack of iron

Question 32

cracking & bleeding of lips may be caused by ____________. formation of kidney stones can be caused by ____________. high BP can be caused by ________.

Answer 32

excess of vitamin A excess of vitamin D obesity = excess of carbs & fats

Question 33

The effects of over-intake of nutrients are usually intensified when _______________. which disease is known as mother disease?

Answer 33

there is reduction in daily physical activity (decline in energy expenditure). obesity

Question 34

obesity can lead to ___________. obesity reduces ___ obesity can be reduced by ________

Answer 34

angina heart failure anaemia Arthritis diabetes and hypertension life expectancy losing weight by taking balanced diet doing exercise and by cutting down on carbs, fats oils & fried food.

Question 35

what is it? constipation is caused by _________

Answer 35

a condition of the digestive system where person experiences hard feces that are difficult to eliminate lack of dietary fibre ## Footnote fibre is a type of carbohydrate

Question 36

how our heart diseases caused? how can they be prevented?

Answer 36

main cause is abnormally high blood cholesterol level and high bp cholesterol deposition in the walls of the blood vessels makes the narrower & it leads to many heart diseases. taking healthy diet, regular exercise, stress free life

Question 37

reasons for famine?

Answer 37

unequal distribution of food, drought, flooding, increased population

Question 38

digestive system performs ________? alimentary canal?

Answer 38

5 The digestive system of human consists of a long tube that extends from mouth to anus. This tube is alimentary canal.

Question 39

name the glands that are associated with digestion? aka for alimentary canal? mouth is ____ oral cavity is ________

Answer 39

salivary glands gastric glands intestinal glands liver & pancreas got or digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract 9 m long external opening leading to oral cavity space behind mouth contains teeth & tongue upper jaw is fixed lower jaw is moveable

Question 40

what is lined internally by mucous membrane? what is chewing biologically called? _________ digests ______ to ______ in mouth.

Answer 40

alimentary canal mastication salivary amylase starch maltose

Question 41

why is mastication important? what performs it? define bolus?

Answer 41

oesophagus can pass only small pieces. Enzymes also cannot act on large pieces of food. They require small pieces with large surface areas to attack. oral cavity (teeth & tongue) the pieces of food are rolled up by the tongue into small, slippery, spherical mass called bolus.

Question 42

which component of food is digested in the mouth? how? Saliva adds __________ to food which act as ________ to ease the passage of food through oesophagus. soft palate?

Answer 42

Saliva contains an enzyme salivary amylase, which helps in the semi-digestion of starch. water & mucous lubricant ## Footnote flexible, muscular portion of the roof of the mouth located at the back of the oral cavity, separating the mouth from the nasal cavity.

Question 43

explain the pharyngeal phase?

Answer 43

involuntary, movement of the bolus from the oropharynx into the esophagus During swallowing, larynx (the top of trachea) moves upward and forces the epiglottis (a flap of cartilage) into horizontal position. Thus glottis i.e. the opening of trachea is closed

Question 44

what prevents bolus from entering into glottis? is swallowing voluntary? the food is forces down into oesophagus by __________.

Answer 44

the epiglottis (a flap of cartilage) helps to prevent the food from entering glottis instead of oesophagus. The beginning of swallowing action is voluntary (thinking), but once food reaches the back of mouth, swallowing becomes automatic. peristalsis

Question 45

pharynx? oesophagus is _____ long?

Answer 45

it leads from the mouth & nasal cavity to the oesophagus & to the trachea. common passage for food & air 25 cm

Question 46

define peristalsis? explain the process?

Answer 46

the waves of contraction & relaxation in the smooth muscles of alimentary canal walls. that causes the bolus to move through the alimentary canal

Question 47

define cardiac opening? cardiac end? pyloric opening? pyloric sphincter?

Answer 47

the opening between oesophagus & stomach guarded by cardiac sphincter. the region of the stomach around the cardiac opening the opening of stomach into the duodenum which is guarded by muscles called pyloric sphincter

Question 48

the stomach is the dilated part of the ________ it is roughly ___ shaped & transversely placed on the ______ of the abdomen just beneath the _______. how does bolus enter the stomach?

Answer 48

digestive tube J left diaphragm Bolus enters stomach from oesophagus through cardiac opening guarded by cardiac sphincter.

Question 49

Gastric juice is composed of __________. how is gastric juice formed? function of mucous in stomach? pepsinogen? any function of HCl?

Answer 49

mucous, HCl, a protein-digesting enzyme pepsinogen by stimulation of gastric glands. forms coating over stomach to prevent the digestion of stomach wall by the enzyme pepsin. inactive form of pepsin (enzyme) converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into its active form (pepsin) kills mo provides acidic medium suitable for the action of enzymes (pH 2) ## Footnote different enzymes have different optimum PH depending on the environment

Question 50

pepsin digest ______ to ______ & peptides how is the enzyme made in stomach? churning? chyme?

Answer 50

proteins polypeptides (chain of many amino acids) peptide (chain of few amino acids) HCL or already activated pepsin converts pepsinogen to pepsin (secreted by gastric juice) The walls of stomach contract & relax & these movements help in thorough mixing of gastric juice & food. the food gets mixed into soupy mixture called chyme.

Question 51

when does food pass out of stomach? how? duodenum is not the part of alimentary canal.

Answer 51

when the chyme reaches a certain degree of acidity, **pyloric sphincter** relaxes (pylroic opening opens) & allows a little mass of chyme to enter duodenum. False

Question 52

duodenum? Intestinal juice from _______ contains many ______ for the complete digestion of _________.

Answer 52

first 10 inches (25 cm) of small intestine intestine walls (glands) enzymes all kinds of food.

Question 53

where does most digestion occur in alimentary canal? Common polysaccharides include ____________. maltose? Next to the duodenum is _____________.

Answer 53

small intestine (duodenum) starch and cellulose Disaccharides comb. of 2 monosaccharides maltose (glucose + glucose). 2.4 meters long jejunum. | https://cognitoedu.org/qsbytopic/biology ## Footnote long chains of sugar molecules

Question 54

in digestion process ______intestine is the place where _________ occurs, but it would be a place where ___________. bile is made in ______ stored in ______ and used in ________.

Answer 54

small intestine most absorption (into blood stream of digested food) **most** of digestion would take place. liver gall bladder small intestine

Question 55

____ is an organ which makes lots of enzymes for digestion & pushes into the _____ intestine in the form of ________. when food enters the ______ the chyme stimulates the gallbladder to release __________ & _______ is bile an enzyme?

Answer 55

pancreas small pancreatic juice duodenum bile pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice intestinal glands to secrete intestinal juice No, bile is a **digestive** juice.

Question 56

why bile need to do its function? Pancreatic juice from pancreas contains __________________________.

Answer 56

The bile juice breaks down fat into tiny droplets *which provides relatively larger surface area for the lipase enzymes to work upon.* enzymes trypsinogen, pancreatic amylase & lipase which digest proteins into polypeptides, carbohydrates polysaccharides to maltose and even to glucose & lipids into fatty acids & glycerol ## Footnote bile has 2 main function: emulsification & neutralization of acidic chyme making the pH ideal for the digestive enzymes (pancreatic & intestinal juice) to work. bile is alkaline

Question 57

____________ breaks down protein into polypeptides in _________ produced by _______ & secreted by _________ when _________

Answer 57

trypsin enzyme small intestine (duodenum) pancreas pancreas chyme stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice (containing trypsin enzyme)

Question 58

function of jejunum and ileum? which enzyme can work in alkaline medium?

Answer 58

absorption lining of jejunum & ileum secrete enzymes such as erepsin lactase maltase enterokinase Pancreatic & intestinal enzymes need an alkaline medium to function in duodenum. Bile makes the medium in intestine alkaline. chyme is acidic

Question 59

erepsin lactase maltase enterokinase function

Question 60

Last _____ m long part of small intestine is _____ ileum function is ____ each villus contain __________. how does apsorption occurs in villi? hepatic portal vein?

Answer 60

**3.5** ileum absorption of digested food number of blood capillaries & lacteal (lymph vessel) comb. of diffusion & active transport Blood carries them away from small intestine via the hepatic portal vein and goes to liver for filtering. Here, toxins are removed and extra food is stored. From liver, the required food molecules go towards heart via the hepatic vein

Question 61

how fatty acids & glycerol are absorbed by villus?

Answer 61

Fatty acids & glycerol, present in small intestine, are absorbed into the lacteal of villus. Lacteal carries them to the main lymphatic duct, from where they enter in bloodstream.

Question 62

what is assimilation?

Answer 62

the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are **used**. (uptake & use of digested food) For example: glucose is used in respiration to provide energy (ATP). amino acids are used to build new proteins.

Question 63

large intestine is than small intestine in length & diameter. large intestine? consist of? length? how is large & small intestine attached? how feces are formed? what does it contain?

Answer 63

smaller/ bigger tube leading from small intestine to anus. caecum, colon, rectum 1.5 m long the ileum enters caecum from side. caecum? pouch like end to its base appendix (10 cm long) From colon, water is absorbed into blood. As water and salts is absorbed, the solid remains of food are called faeces. Large number of bacteria, sloughed off cells of alimentary canal, bile pigments & water are also part of faeces

Question 64

what is the largest gland?

Answer 64

liver

Question 65

diarrhoea? symptoms? causes? effects? solution?

Answer 65

frequent watery, loose bowel movements. This condition may be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. It occurs when required water is not absorbed in blood from colon. The main causes of diarrhoea include lack of adequate safe water. Diarrhoea is also caused by viral or bacterial infections of large intestine. However, for malnourished individuals diarrhoea can lead to severe dehydration and can become life-threatening. ## Footnote consuming adequate amounts of water (to replace the loss), preferably mixed with essential salts and some amount of nutrients. Antibiotics may be required if diarrhoea is due to bacterial infection. Preventions of diarrhoea include taking clean water and essential salts, eating regularly and taking hygienic measures.

Question 66

ulcer? symptoms? causes? effects? solution?

Answer 66

Ulcer (peptic ulcer) is a sore in the inner wall of gut (in oesophagus, duodenum or stomach). In ulcer, the acidic gastric juice gradually breaks down the tissue of the inner wall. Ulcer of stomach is called gastric ulcer. The causes of ulcer include excess acid, infection, long term use of anti-inflammatory medicines (including aspirin), smoking, drinking coffee, colas, and eating spicy foods.

Question 67

constipation? symptoms? causes? effects? solution?

Answer 67

Constipation is a condition where a person experiences hard faeces that are difficult to eliminate. The main causes of constipation include excessive absorption of water through colon, insufficient intake of dietary fibre, dehydration, use of medicines (e.g. those containing iron, calcium, and aluminium) and tumours in rectum or anus. Treatment of constipation is with a change in dietary and exercise habits. The medicines called laxatives (e.g. paraffin) are used for treatment. Constipation is usually easier to prevent than to treat. One should take the required quantities of water and dietary fibres