Nutrition Flashcards
Nutrition
Essential for normal growth and
development, tissue maintenance and
repair, cellular metabolism and organ
function
High vs Low Nutrient Dense Foods
( define / low vs high)
Nutrient Density – the measure of the nutrients a
food provides relative to the energy it provides. The more nutrients and the few calories the higher the nutrient density.
High-nutrient dense foods – fruits and
vegetables, eggs provide a large number of
nutrients in relationship to calories
- fish/ fowl/lean meat, dairy products, vegetables and fruit
Low-nutrient dense foods – alcohol or sugar
are high in calories but poor in nutrients
- birthday cake ( simple sugar/carbs/ doesn’t do body good)
Calorie intake =
» Calorie intake > energy demands
» Calorie intake < energy demands
Energy (weight does not change)
(weight gain)
(weight loss)
Macronutrients
important features, dietary sources and deficiency states . energy producing nutrients
Carbohydrates – (a-b)
Proteins – (a-d)
Lipids - (a-e)
a. Simple (burned off quicky/honey, table sugar) and
b. Complex (vegetables, grains)
* Fiber – Soluble (fruit) and Insoluble (seeds)
* 1 GM of CHO = 4 kcal (energy)
a.20 Amino Acids
b. Complete
c. Incomplete
d. Complementary Protein
1 GM of Protein = 4 kcal
a. Fatty Acids
b. Saturated (BADDD)
c. Unsaturated
d. Monounsaturated
e. Polyunsaturated
* Cholesterol – LDL, HDL
* 1 GM of Lipids = 9 kcal
1 gram of CHO equals
4 kilocalories (kcal)
Obtain CHO primarily from plant foods –
7 and list the milk sugar from animals
oats
barley
rye
corn,
rice,
fruits
vegetables,
lactose (milk sugars) only
source of animal CHO
Monosaccharide (2) GFG vs Disaccharide (3)*MSL
Monosaccharide :
Glucose(dextrose)- honey,
corn syrup
Fructose – fruit,
honey, some
vegetables
» Cannot be broken
down
Galastose
Galactose is produced by mammals in the form of milk. Lactose holds a lot of energy in its bonds and for breaking down the bonds apart, specific enzymes are developed by off springs of mammals.
Disaccharide
simple
» Sucrose – fruits,
vegetables, white &
brown sugar
» Lactose – milk sugar
» Maltose – not found
naturally to food,
additive (beer)
» Composed of 2
monosaccharides &
water.
Polysaccharides
THREE TYPES
Made up of many
carbohydrate (poly)
a. Starches –grains, legumes,
starchy vegetables, potatoes
b.Glycogen-stored form of
glucose in the liver and
muscles
c. Fiber – roughage–unable
to digest some D/T the lack
of enzymes to break them
down (2 forms - soluble vs
insoluble)
Fiber (insoluble vs soluble)
Soluble Fibers
» Dissolve in water
» Delay gastric and
intestinal emptying-
promotes a feeling
of fullness, delays
rise in serum
glucose after
eating, decrease
cholesterol
» Barley, cornmeal
» Cereal grains, oats
Insoluble Fibers
» Do not dissolve in
water
» Are not digestible in
the intestine
» Used in preventing
constipation(inc.
peristalsis)( ^ stool
size)
» Seeds
» Bran
» Outer layer of grain
whole meats
Protein
relation to blood
1 gram of Protein equals 4 kilocalories(kcal)
» They are essential for synthesis (building)
of body tissue for growth, maintenance and
repair***
» Main protein in blood is albumin
» Makes collagen, hormones, enzymes,
antibodies (immunity), DNA & RNA
» Blood clotting, fluid regulation and acid-
base balance all require proteins
» Simplest form of protein is the amino acid
-albumin
Carbs deficiency
because the carbs are not doing their job…
Hint type 1 DB pts how do they use their energy ?
ketoacidosis
lack of fiber may play role in colon cancer
heart diabetes
protein deficiency
rare except elderly,fad dieters and hospitalized pts
decreased intake, severe bleeding, starvation and surgery, diseases of GI tract that interfere with absorption and metabolism
helps keep body alkalized ( 7.35- 7.45)
Essential Amino Acids ( define/how much) * HLP*
» 9 Amino Acids
» Come from ingested food we eat.
Examples include:
a. Histidine – apples,
pomegranates, carrots,
spinach
b. Lysine – beef, chicken,
cheese, fish, soybeans
c. Phenylalanine –
soybeans, nuts, beef,
dairy, whole grains
Non-Essential Amino
Acids
( how much/ synthesize/ AAG)
» 11 Amino Acids
» Synthesize by the liver
(body can make them)
» Examples include:
Alanine- clear toxins
Asparagine- brain cells
Glutamic Acid- helps ammonia levels
Complete Protein
remember where its primary coming from and exception
-Containing all (20) essential Amino Acids in
sufficient quantity
» Support growth
» Source animal products and soy
Examples of foods:
Fish
Chicken
Turkey
Milk Products (cheese, yogurt, milk)
Soybeans
Incomplete Protein ( think about if you just had these on yo plate… would you be satisfied?)
They are missing one or more of the
nine essential amino acids
In source plant products
Examples of food products:
Cereals
Legumes (beans, peas)
Vegetables
Complementary Protein (define)
- considered for who?
Pair of incomplete proteins
» When combined they supply the total amount of
amino acids provided by a complete protein
source
» Consider for a vegetarian diet
Examples of food Sources:
Grains + legumes
Legumes + nuts or seeds
+ milk or milk products (cheese)
Beans and rice or tortillas.
* Peanut butter sandwich.
* Macaroni and cheese.
* Tofu with rice (or any grain)
* Hummus with pita bead.
* Grilled cheese sandwich. Yogurt with
nuts.
* Noodle stir-fry with peanut or sesame
seed sauce.
Lipids
1 gram fat=
Fat should be less than ____ of total calories
1 gram fat equals 9 kilocalories(kcal)
» Fat should be <30% of total calories
Make sure yk this :
- Adds flavor (gustatory value) contributing to satiety
- Helps pad skeleton and cushion internal organs from
injury
-Insulates against cold
-Facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
(A,D,E, K) when consumed at the same meal
-Combines with proteins as a carrier molecule HDL/LDL
Lipids ( sat vs unsat)
Saturated Fatty Acids » Known as the “bad” fat
(increase LDL & total
cholesterol)
» Usually solid at room
temperature
» Animal (meats, whole
milk dairy, egg yolks),
tropical oils (palm oil,
palm kernel oil,
coconut oil)
» Most stable
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
» Known as the “good”
fat (decrease LDL and
inc. HDL)
» Soft or liquid at room
temperature
» Less stable (more
likely to be rancid)
» Plant fats and
oils
Fatty ( poly vs mono)
POLY relationships normal have 3 people in it.
Monounsaturated Fatty
Acids
lowers blood cholesterol somwehat .
» Heart healthy
» Olives, olive oil,
canola oil, avocado,
peanut oil, and
most nuts
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
lowers level of blood cholesterol. increase HDL
» Omega 3 fats =
polyunsaturated fats
in certain fish(tuna,
salmon, anchovy,
sardines) and flax
oil, walnuts, pecans
which help lower
triglycerides & BP
LDL vs HDL ( state norms/functions)
we want LOW Ldl. and HIGH Hdl… number are in alphlabetical order … kinda lol
LDL: carry cholesterols into the cells. forming athersclerosis. Increase risk for coronary artery disease.
HDL: removes excess cholesterol from blood vessel walls and other tissues. High the cholesterol the lower the risk for developing coronary artery disease.
HDL greater than 40
LDL = 100-130 mg
Cholesterols
waxy fat from liver to maintain health.
Saturated fats
raises level of cholesterols
triglyercides
breakdown fat and carbohydrates.excess weight and carbs intake, alcohol consumption and sat fat intake
NEEDS TO KNOW: Lab Values
Total Cholesterol ( TUTU Dollar Bills)
* HDL (healthy) cholesterol: male vs female ( cent / men get blank oz for drinks)
* LDL(lousy) cholesterol:
* Triglycerides: males vs female
Total Cholesterol: less than 200mg/dL
- HDL (healthy) cholesterol: male greater than
45 mg/dL, female > 55 mg/dL - LDL(lousy) cholesterol: less than 130mg/dL
- Triglycerides: male 40-160mg/dL, female 35-
135 mg/dL
Water soluble vitamin
Vitamin B1-thiamin
» Vitamin B2-Riboflavin
» Vitamin B3-Niacin
» Vitamin B6- Pyroxidine
» *Folate-Folic acid (needs B12 to be
activated)
» Vitamin B12
» Vitamin C-Ascorbic acid
Vitamin B1-thiamin=
( Deficiency s/s) ( sources) ( function)
Hint are homeless people eating ribs often???
FUNCTION: Is used for normal signal transmission between neurons. (energy / nervous + cardiac/gi). Energy metabolism.
SOURCES: pork, nuts, peas, beans
defincinces :chronic alcoholics, homeless (look at primary thiamine)
- LOC change, fatigue, muscle ,anorexia
- Berbiberi ( Dry polynertitis = affecting nerves, muscle wasting / Wet: dilated heart myopathy and edema, Wernicke -Korsasofox
Vitamin B2-
-Riboflavin ( FLAVOR FLAV)
note=If flav doesnt perform he becomes deficent.. if he doesnt rap his tongue will turn into glass, and his lips willl close up and get locked with keys.
Antioxidant/ tissue growth. Cheilosis fissuring of lips, inflammation of mouth, and cracks..
found in milk, green vegetables. Its sensitive to light so milk is seldom sold transparent containers.
seen in fad dieters, alcoholics and elderly
Vitamin B3-Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) * 4 D’S*
“not nice skin”
Foodto energy This acid decreases triglycerides and LDL while increasing HDL. Also treats dyslipidemia, pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. promotes the normal nervous system, and can produce it from the amino acid called tryptophan.
all animal products.
Pellagra - rough skin or photosensitive dermatitis ( pt have scaling skin, diarrhea, memory loss, dementia and death)
Folate-Folic acid B9
Purpose/ defiencies * think about adolescencetts/
*Hint= 9 months 🤰🏾
prenatal pregnancy prevent neural teeth defects/cell development. For new cell synthesis. hemoglobin formation.
green leafy/dried peas, beans,liver, oj,eggs,spinach
deficiencies occur during pregnancy and adolescences when folate needs increases
Vitamin B12/ COBALAMIN
( define/examples/deficiency )
helps activate what two things
Cobra man leading his 12 men into the battle.
Helps activate folic acid. Cell production, hematopoietic, myelin synthesis. test pt with dementia for deficiency. Needs folate+ intrinsic factor to be activated ( from stomach parietal cells) nerve cells. Involved with DNA synthesis and maturation of RBC’s .
Deficiency rt celiac disease or low gastric acidity. BECAUSE b12 is absorption occurs where iron, folate and b12 are absorbed. Also d3mylenation of nerves irreversible nerve damage. Leads to under production of WBC n platelets, pernicious anemia ( parietal atrophy) usually require long life coblamin therapy never IV bc it’s fast absorption.
meats,fish,poultry, dried peas,leafy veggies, nuts,whole grains.
Side effects: cobalamin helps increase the production of erythrocytes which require potassium for synthesis bc it stabilizes rbc structure. However leads to hypokalemia bc over usage. Leading to cramping, arrthymmias, and weakness.
Vitamin C-Ascorbic acid ( hint C)
define/examples/ deficiences
think of “Emergen-C Gummies” and pirates
Promotes iron absorption, maintains healthy immune system, critical in formation of collagen ( amino acids lysine and proline allowing collagen strand growth) ANTIOXIDANT ( purpose= protective against diseases) and adrenal ( steroids formation).
citrus fruits/juices ( oranges, lemons), peppers, broccoli, kiwi, strawberries and tomatoes, potatoes, spinach n broccoli, BRUSSEL SPROUTS.
bone fragile, loose teeth, bleeding gums, failure of wounds to heal. Frequent infections, SCRUVY ( can be treated by vitamin c foods or supplements).
No more than 2grams/day
Vitamin B6 (pyridine)
6X 2= 12 * average age for mentsrual *
Helps with sleep,apetite, RBC formation ( heme synthesis), pt with premenstrual syndrome.
fortified cereals, bananas, salmon, potatoes, organ meats, poultry. Noncitrus fruit
deficiencies with alcohol dermatitis , glossitis, abnormal brain waves. Microytic Anemia, depression.
Vitamin D (remember what shot )
Helps balance calcium n phosphorus in body. Essetinal for normal bone growth n development. absorption of calcium and phosphorus from digestive tract. Deficiency can be bc: renal failure, inadequate sun exposure, fat malaabosportion, chronic liver disease, breastfeed pt.
fortified milk,eggs,cheese and fish, exposure to sunlight
rickets ( structural rigidity, increase risk for fractures, flattened head bowing) , osteomalacia (adults too much osteiod, TETANY d/t hypocalcemia
Vitamin E
define/ examples/ deficnency /excess
Protects RBC+ muscles ,antioxidant and immune( brighten). Pts with cringe disease and celiac disease require this supplement.
veggie oil, peanuts, fish, green leafy, safflower oil, corn oil, cottonseed, canola and olive
deficiency: ataxia * loss of muscle control, myopathy * diseases affecting muscles,
Excess Side effects: hemolysis of RBC bc vitamin e inhibits vitamin k coagulation factors/impair immune system
Vitamin K
blood clotting + bone development
milk, green leafy, cabbage
Hemorrhages + disease in newborn
Minerals 4
think of the wizard of oz
a.Calcium (Ca+)
Young adults -1200mg/day
Adults-1000mg/day
b.Sodium (NA+)
Adults- RDA limit to
1500mg/day (ideal limit)
(1/4 teaspoon = 500mg)
c.Potassium (K+)
Adults-4700mg/day
d. Magnesium
Adults-300-400mg/day
Trace Minerals
Trace Minerals
Iron
Males-8mg/day
Females
(19-50)-18mg/day
Females (51+)- 8mg/day
Iodine
Adults-150 ug/day
Zinc
Males – 11mg
Females 8mg
Iron (ferrous Sulfate )
Bone marrow ultizes iron/ stored in liver. Combines with protein to make hemoglobin. Prevent iron deficiency anemia. eating vitamin c at the same time as iron sources help to promote iron absorption
weak,anemia, imapired wound healing, RBCS ( microcytic n photochromic )
Side effects : heart burn ( pyrosis) constipation * require laxative*, diaherra, nausea, vomiting, dark green/black stools ( HARMLESS). Encourage pt to take medicationI empty stomach bc absorption, straw or dilute and avoid concurrent antacid( MILK / cafe ). Caution with pt with ulcers, colitis, enter it’s.
iodine
component of the thyroid for growth,
saltwater fish, shellfish, iodized salt
enlarged thyroid
zinc
sexual development, immune systme
meats,seafood
skin rash, diahera, poor gorwth
functions of water in the body ( 6)
- Gives shape and structure to cells (intracellular fluid)
- Regulates body temperature
- absorbs heat slowly
- evaporating sweat cools body
- Helps digest and absorb nutrients
- GI tract secrets 7-9 liters every day to
help with absorption. Only 100cc lost in feces - Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
– 92% of blood plasma is water - Eliminates waste – excrete urine & feces
- Helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
- Major component of mucous and lubricating
fluids - Decreases friction between joints and helps
organs slide over one another ( lubrications and mucous)
men ____ % have more muscle and muscle cells have higher concentrations
women ____ %
elderly ____ % (more fat relative to lean body mass - not as much water reserve - increased risk dehydration.
newborn ____% ( also at risk for dehydration because large body surface area essential nutrient.
65
55% ( more fat)
50%
80%
Important Considerations for water
- water most abundant compound in body
- water an essential nutrient - body cannot produce as much as it needs. Need approximately 1-1.5ml water for every calorie of food consumed .
- Body water found in two compartments
- intracellular
- extracellular - Water movement in body primary through
We can live > ___ weeks without food but only ___
6 weeks and only 1 week without water
Intracellular and Extracellular
40 % and. 20%
osmosis
rt salt
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane “water goes where salt is”
Hyperosmolar/hypertonic
concentration of solutes > normally found in body
Isotonic
concentration of solutes> normally found in body
Ex. of Isotonic solution
think about lab IV bag
= normal saline (0.9% NaCl )
Hypotonic
concentration of solutes < normally found in body
Two primary sources of replenishment:
1.PO Ingestion – drinking a glass of water
(alternate routes: parenteral or enteral)
2.Food/tissue metabolism – consumption of
fruits and vegetables, lean meats ( % made
up of water), breakdown of food or body
tissues result in oxidation of Hydrogen
molecules and H2O formation
Solid and Semi solid
(fruits/vegetables)
» Oxidation of food
(food breakdown)
» Drinks (oral intake)-
» Average total
700-1000mL
200-300mL
1000-1500mL
2,000-3000mL QD
Insensible –
Sensible –
» On average, adults lose approx. _____________
can’t be measured and occurs
constantly (perspiration, exhaling, saliva,
wound drainage, feces)
is measurable and perceived (NG tube,urine output,diarrhea, emesis, ostomy, gastric drainage
* 2000- 3000ml water/day
Perspiration
» Exhalation
» Feces
» Urine
» Average
Note: Total urine output should be
approximately equal to
Perspiration 600mL
» Exhalation 300mL
» Feces 100mL
» Urine 1400-1500 mL
» Average 2000-3000mL qd
Note: Total urine output should be
approximately equal to PO and
parenteral/enteral intake
Intake includes: (4)
Oral route-all liquids including ice cream, sherbet,
jello, pudding, popsicles, thin cereals
NG/Gastrostomy/Jejunostomy feeds- include
water with medication administration
Intravenous Fluids
Irrigation fluids that are not returned – if irrigate
with 200ml and only get 150ml back then 50ml is
intake.
Outtakes Includes (5)
Urine
˃ Liquid feces
˃ Drainage from wounds – Jackson
Pratt drains, hemovacs, wound vacs
˃ Fluids from suctioning – chest
tubes, NG tubes
˃ Emesis
Nursing Interventions I & O
Assess for S & S
» Monitor weight & vital signs
» Monitor specific gravity
» Monitor I & O
» Give PO or IV fluids as ordered
» Institute prevention of skin breakdown
vitamin a (functions/ food sources /deficinces)
maintain health vision and bone growth
lachrymal secretions bathe eye regularly and maintain
maintains healthy skin and mucus membranes
animal sources ( liver, egg yolk,milk cheddar)
Night blindness.
tooth formation
bone growth
resistance to bacterial infections
fat metabolism with handling cholesterol
synthesis of glycogen for storage of body energy
Calcium
Bone formation, growth and maintenance, tooth, blood clotting ,nerve conduction
milk/cheese/yogurt and sardiness
Osteoporosis/ alcohol, smoking excessive caffeinated beverages decrease calcium absorption
Sodium
maintain fluid balance , nerve transmission and neurological and acid balance
prepared/processed
Hyponatremia , Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia vs Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia =altered electrolyte/ vomiting, muscle cramps and LOC changes
Hypernatremia = edema,hypertension,confusion,seizures
Potassium (faces hint * tree. hand - hand )
Fluid and electrolyte ,nerve and cardiac. Normal 3.5 to 5.0 mEqL.
Hypo= u waves Hyper = t waves ( diaherra )
dried beans, potatoes, fresh fruit 🍌.
Muscle weakness, cardiac dysrythymia, laxatives and diuretics
Magnesium
Activates enzymes for carbohydrates and protein metabolism, cardiac .Maintain normal bmr, thyriod secretion.
Meats, seafood, legumes peas and whole grain
skin rash, diarrhea, poor growth , development and healing, tremor , spasm
Monounsaturated examples and polyunsaturated
mono= from nuts (avocados /canola/olive/peanut)
Poly= soybean/safflower/corn
Low Residue .
what kind of patients
Residue food is food NOT DIGESTED in GI tract aka FIBERRRRRRRR!
low in fiber and easy to digest (dairy products / eggs/ ripe bananas ). For pts with crohnss, ulcerative, diverticulitis
pureed
Clear and full liquids plus pureed meats and fruits and scrambled eggs
Abdominal fat rates
= waist > or equal to 40” men, > or equal to 35” women
BMR calculates
BMR = healthy weight in pounds x 10 for women or 11 for men
(130lb. X 10 = 1300 needed caloric cost of staying alive)
Development
infants/toddler/children/adolescnet
Infant – higher need for fat & protein d/t growth & development, need for optimal nutrition brain growth. Breastfeeding boosts immune system.
Todder – feeding themselves, risk of choking, still require essential fatty acids for growing brain
Children – making own food choices, family meals promote social interaction, parents to encourage healthy choices, excessive calories & fat = obesity
Adolescent – peer pressure food choices, increase in appetite, possible decrease in activity lead to risk in overeating, poor intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy foods, whole grains, multivitamin recommended, increase need for iron (boys ^ muscle mass, girls’ menstrual losses), period of rapid growth, need calcium, protein, vit B, D, A, C
development part 2
pregnant woman/ adults / elderly
Pregnant women – folic acid, adequate protein & calcium, iron, supplements, calories (additional 300 kcal/day), fluid intake, screen for gestational diabetes.
Adult – healthy diet that limits cholesterol, muscle mass declining, prone to weight gain, development of chronic diseases, exercise promotion
Elderly – difficulty chewing (lost teeth or dentures), medications alter food enjoyment, taste buds diminish, loss of social interactions at meals, decrease activity, lack of appetite, need supplements
Psychosocial factors influence food intake
examples for : family/economics/illness/stress/environment
Family – typical food, importance placed on meal, cultural
Economics – work, fatigue, fast food, limited choices
Illness – poor appetite, restricted diet, fatigue, physical impairments
Stress – coping mechanism, loneliness, boredom, binge eating
Environment – lack of sink, stove, refrigerator, money to purchase healthy food.
Lab Values ( serum albumin/prealbumin/transferrin/total lymphocyte)
Serum Albumin – most abundant form of protein. Low levels reflect chronic malnutrition. Long half-life (18-21 days)
Prealbumin - more favorable marker of acute change in nutritional status, earliest indicator acute malnutrition. Shortest half life, fluctuates daily
Transferrin – indicates low protein levels, iron deficiency, liver problems. Also detects malnutrition
Total lymphocyte count – influenced by multiple variables, can fluctuate widely
Dry Flaky skin indicates :
two vitamins
vitamin a & b complex or lineolic acid deficiency
sore that wont heal
hint macronutrients
protein deficiency
numbness (parathesia)
vitiamin b12 deficiency
spoon-shaped brittle or ridged nails
iron deficiency
cracks in the corner of the mouth
riboflavin or nacin deficincey
swollen neck ( goiter)
iodine deficiency
clear liquids
no dairy or veggie juice
coffee ( until you put in cream)
carbonaded beverages
gelatin
popsicles
bouillon
broth
juices without pulp
full liquid diet
dairy products
milk, ice cream, strained/blended cram soups, custards
, vegetable juice
all fruit juice, sherbet,puddings and yogurt
NOT long term bc low in fiber and iron
pureed
Pureed diet - scramble eggs, pureed meats, vegetables, and fruits, mashed potatoes and gravy (foods that are blended or mashed) All foods allowed
For pts having difficulty
chewing or swallowing.
Used after oral or facial
surgery.
thickened diet for
dysphagia.
no stringy,raw, dry or fried foods
positions pt HOB raised 30-45
Diets4
Regular
Dysphasia advanced
Dysphasia mechanically altered
Dysphasia puree
fluids
a.thin
b. nectar
c. honey
d. spoon-thick
in relation to viscosity
Thin liquids (low viscosity) Water, milk, and fruit juice all flow very easily
Nectar-like liquids (medium viscosity)
Honey-like liquids (viscosity of honey)
Spoon-thick liquids (viscosity of pudding)
Mechanically Soft Diet
examples/what kind of pts/ excludes
cream soups, ground or finely diced meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light breads, cooked vegetables, cooked or canned fruits, bananas, soups, peanut butter and eggs (just not fried)
For Pt difficulty chewing, missing teeth, jaw problems, extensive fatigue/weakness
Excludes: raw fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts
Soft/Low Residue Diet
define/ this is used for…
Low-fiber, easily digested foods like pastas, casseroles, moist tender meats, and canned cooked fruits and vegetables, desserts, cakes and cookies without nuts or coconut
Used to limit gastrointestinal irritation and minimize gut activity for healing purposes
Risk of constipation
Bland Diet
Recommended for gastric problems
Treat ulcers, heartburn, N/V, diarrhea
Used after stomach or intestinal surgery
Minimizes gastric acid secretions
No highly seasoned, hi fiber, fried foods or nuts
Low or No Added Sodium Diet
for what pts
Varies from no added salt to severe sodium restriction, which requires selective food purchases
For patients with CHF, Acute/Chronic Renal Failure, HTN, Liver disease, edema
Avoid processed meats,
canned food, fast food
Renal Diet ( think about kidney functions )
Manage fluid & electrolytes for pts with renal insufficiency
Restrict protein intake
Lesson renal workload to halter further kidney damage
Limit sodium, potassium-rich foods (bananas, orange juice, dried beans, collard greens, kale, spinach), phosphorus (dairy foods, bran, wheat cereal, beer)
Heart Diet
think of the incredible son name/ whats restricted vs accepted
Cardiac diet – reduces dietary lipids, reduces edema (Na+), restricts dietary cholesterol
DASH diet – helps lower BP, low in saturated fats and cholesterol, high in potassium, magnesium, calcium and fiber
Diabetic Diet
A balanced intake of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
These diets vary in caloric recommendation for accommodation to the specific patients’ metabolic demands (1800 cal, 2000 cal)
Count total grams of CHO/day
Attaining and maintaining healthy weight
Used in both Type I and Type II
High fiber
Used to prevent or treat constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity
With the addition of fresh uncooked fruits, steamed vegetables, bran, oatmeal and dried fruits
Enteral Nutrition
Alterative feeding method
Patient has difficulty swallowing, poor oral intake
Feeding occurs through the intestinal tract
Deliver of liquid nutrition via NG tube or gastrostomy
Short term – NG tube (< 6wks)
Long term – Gastrostomy tube, Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG), Jejunostomy tube (J-tube),
Tetanus shot
lack of vitamin D/calcium
Hormone controls sodium
Aldosterone= helps sodium be returned to blood stream by the kidneys rather than being spilled into urine
A clear liquid diet has been prescribed for client who has just undergone surgery. Which foods should the nurse offer to the client?
Apple juice
Chicken broth
Orange gelatin
coffee
DASH DIET
The diet limits foods that are high in salt, also called sodium. To stop hypertension
ADA
diabetic
Ice counted as
1/2 the amount of water
FVD s/s
labs/temp/ hyper or hypotension?/ mucous membranes/skin turgor
- dry mucous membranes
- decrease skin turgor
-orthostatic hypotension - subnormal temperature (below )
-INCREASED specific gravity, BUN, HCT
Causes of FVD
- skin possess ( wound drainage, workout, fever, earm environment temp)
- GI loses
- kidney losses
- bleeding
BMI rates
Normal = 18-24.9
Overweight = 25-29.9
Obese = over 30
Waist Circumference levels
M = x greater than or equal to 40
W= x greater than or equal to 35
FVE s/s
- weight gain
- moist mucous membranes
- BOUNDING PULSES
- tachycardia
What to do:
- give diuretics
- fowlers
- restrict dietary NA+
Edema can implications of
think about one of the macronutrients
Protein deficiency.
When the level of protein in the blood is low ( help attracts water ) , water may leave the blood vessels and collect in the tissues. Too much may be sign of dehydration
Blood Lab Levels :
a. Serum Albumin ( Low levels )
b. Transferrin
c. Prealbumin
d. Total Lymphocyte
A. Chronic testing. Transports nutrients, drugs, hormones.Low Levels : reflect chronic malnutrition .
B. Shortest half life. Smallest body stores, so earlier indicator of malnutrition. Very expensive
C. Total Lymphocyte count (immune system)
Malnutrition can impact immunocompetence.
To lose 1lb
must decrease caloric intake by r 500
s/s for dysphagia
- gurgly
-coughing/choking
-pocketing of food in cheeks
-drooling
-poor lip closure
-slurred speech
-refusal to eat
-absence of gag reflex
Pt exhibit ( weight loss, edema, poor skin turgor, open wounds)
Tips to help feedings
- eat slowly
- avoid distractions
-do not talk
-position head correctly
-use teaspoon - swallow completely
- select foods and fluids of
Gluten Diet may not meet recommendation dietary allowances for
B complexes especially thiamine
Catabolic
break down
