Nutrition Flashcards
macrobiotic diet
a whole-foods diet based on locally grown plants with occasional fish or seafood
Yom Kippur
24 hour fast
halal
foods permitted to eat according to Islamic faith
haram
foods prohibited according to Islamic faith
ahisma
not harming living creatures (Hinduism and Buddhism)
myalgia
muscle aches and pain
norovirus manifestions
-projectile vomiting
-fever
-myalgia
-watery diarrhea
-headache
food allergies pathophysiology
initiate release of serotonin and histamine
high vitamin K foods
-dark green vegetables
-eggs
-carrots
food intolerances
do not occur consistently, depend on amount of food eaten
perishables
do not leave at room temperature for more than 2 hours (1 hour if the temperature is 90 degrees Fahrenheit/ 32 Celsius)
glycogen
stored carbohydrate energy source found in the liver and muscles. Available in limited supply, as a backup
carbohydrate cal:gram ratio
4 cal/g of energy
corn syrup
monosaccharide, glucose
fructose
fruits
galactose
monosaccharide found in milk
lactose
disaccharide found in milk sugar
fructose
monosaccharide found in fruits
glucose
monosaccharide found in corn syrup
sucrose
disaccharide found in table sugar
maltose
disaccharide found in malt sugar
polysaccharides
grains, whole grains, legumes, root vegetables, fruits, vegetables
complete protein
has all 9 essential amino acids, from animal sources and soy
water-soluble vitamins
B-complex and C
macrocytic anemia
when bone marrow produces abnormally large red blood cells
-megaloblastic
-non-megaloblastic
vitamin B6 sources
meats, grains, legumes
phospholipids
e.g. lecithin
pellagra
manifestations include sun-sensitive skin lesions. niacin/ B3 deficiency
glossitis
smooth/swollen red tongue. riboflavin/ B2 deficiency
beriberi
ataxia, confusion, anorexia, tachycardia. common in alcoholics
fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A,D,E,K
scurvy
severe vitamin C deficiency
Warfarin
anticoagulant
prealbumin
thyroxine-binding protein. a measure used to assess critically ill people who are at risk for malnutrition
prealbumin expected reference range
15-36 mg/dL
blood urea nitrogen reference range
10-20 mg/dL
PN allergy assessment (if lipids prescribed)
soybeans, safflower, eggs
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing. high-Fowler’s position helps
hypokalemia
dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion
hyperkalemia
dysrhythmia, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numbness in extremities
intrinsic factor
helps the body absorb vitamin B12
Crohn’s disease
a malabsorption syndrome, regional enteritis. A chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with periods of exacerbation and remission
caffeine
stimulates the heart and increases heart rate. Avoid after an MI!
folic acid sources
green leafy veggies, seeds, OJ, citrus fruits, nuts
high-fat foods
difficult to digest
high-fat foods
difficult to digest
dumping syndrome
stuff moves from stomach to small intestine too quickly
colon
absorbs large amounts of fluid, sodium and potassium
steatorrhea
oily stool, a clinical finding with celiac disease
ghrelin
hormone that decreases hunger
monosaccharides
simple carbohydrates like glucose, fructose, and galactose
disaccharides
simple carbohydrates like sucrose, lactose, and maltose
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates like starch, fiber, and glycogen
energy-yielding nutrients
carbohydrates, fat, protein
carbohydrates acceptable range
45-65% of calories
average minimum amount (DRI) of carbohydrates to fuel the brain
130 g/day
carbohydrates
organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. provide energy to the body and allow maximum functioning of brain and nervous system tissue
essential nutrients
nutrients that the body cannot manufacture
fiber needed daily
25 g/day females, 38 g/day males
incomplete proteins
generally from plant sources like legumes and peanut butter. don’t have all the amino acids
complete protein from plants through pairing
black beans with rice, hummus with crackers
essential fatty acids
like omega-3 and omega-6. they support blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammatory response
unsaturated fatty acids
usually from plant sources. includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
sterols
e.g. cholesterol. (Not an essential nutrient because the liver is able to produce enough to meet needs)
unsaturated fatty acids
usually from plant sources. includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
fats AMDR
20-35 % of total calories
cachetic state
wasting
very-low-density lipoproteins
carry triglycerides to the cells
low-density lipoproteins
carry cholesterol to the tissues. want this <130
high-density lipoprotein
move excess cholesterol from the cells to the liver for disposal. want this >60
lipids calorie profile
9 calories/gram of energy (densest form of stored energy)
vitamin C
ascorbic acid. healing and immune system function
vitamin C sources
citrus fruits (oranges and lemons)
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy, a hemorrhagic disease
thiamin
B1
riboflavin
B2
niacin
B3
pyridoxine
vitamin B6
vitamin B6 sources
meats, grains, legumes
cheilosis
cracks on lips and corners of mouth
duty of B-complex vitamins
metabolism
B-complex vitamin sources
usually include green leafy veggies and unprocessed grains
spina bifida
a fetal neural tube defect
anencephaly
a fetal neural tube defect
pernicious anemia
from a strict vegan diet
B12 deficiency, deficiency of vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
needed to absorb vitamin B12 (someone will get pernicious anemia without intrinsic factor)
cobalamin
vitamin B12
retinol
vitamin A
beta-carotene
vitamin A
retinoids
active form of vitamin A
xerophthalmia
dry eye
vitamin A sources
carrots, apricots, squash, cantaloupe, yams
vitamin D sources
fatty fish, eggs
rickets
vitamin D deficiency
osteomalacia
vitamin D deficiency
minerals
inorganic compounds
7 major minerals
calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulfur
electrolytes
electrically-charged minerals
major electrolytes
sodium, potassium, chloride
vitamin K function
assists in blood clotting
potassium function
muscle action, maintains fluid volume inside cells
thyroid function tests
indirectly measures BMR
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
vitamin B12 and/or vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency
sodium duties
digestion, acid-base-balance, intra- & extracellular fluid balance
sodium sources
table salt, added salts, processed foods
hypochloremia
(rare) muscle cramps, anorexia
hyperchloremia
vomiting
calcium duties
bone/tooth formation, blood pressure & clotting, nerve transmission
calcium sources
dairy, broccoli, kale, fortified grains
hypocalcemia
Tetany, positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, osteoporosis (adults), poor growth (kids)
hypercalcemia
constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep tendon reflexes
magnesium duties
bone formation, catalyst for enzyme reactions, smooth musle relaxation
magnesium sources
green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate
hypomagnesemia
weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions, increased blood pressure, anorexia
hypermagnesemia
diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradcycardia, lethargy
hypermagnesemia nursing actions
follow seizure precautions, LOC and VS
hypophosphatemia
deficient phosphorous
hypophosphatemia etiology
evaluate the use of antacids and the use of alcohol
calcium nursing actions
monitor ECG and respiratory status. give PO tabs with vitamin D
excess calcium
constipation, renal stones,
sources of iron
meat, poultry, fish, tofu, whole grains
goiter
not enough iodine and thyroid gland enlarges
thyrotoxicosis
too much iodine
sources of iodine
seafood
phytonutrients/phytochemicals
occur naturally in plants
fluorosis
toxicity from fluoride. itching and chest pain
calcified body tissue
bones and teeth
“insensible losses” of water
1000 mL lost from breathing, sweating, and pooping
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy used for heartbeat, circulation, breathing, maintaining body temperature. After a 12 hr fast
RMR (resting metabolic rate)
energy used for heartbeat, circulation, breathing, maintaining body temperature (without 12 hr fast)
catabolic illness
surgery, extensive burns
extensive burns nursing action
give Px more calories
post surgery nursing action
give Px more calories and protein
catabolism
releases energy
omega-3 fatty acids
fish, flaxseed, soy beans, canola, walnuts
homocysteine
an amino acid. elevated levels can increase risk of CHD
lean meats
turkey, chicken
liquid oils
olive or canola
potassium sources
apricots, bananas, tomatoes, avocadoes, potatoes, whole grains, cantaloupe
hypertension
sustained elevation in blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/80 mmHg
intrinsic factor
a protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying component of blood
most common nutritional disorder in the world
iron deficiency anemia
sources of B12
fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk
evidence of fluid overload
edema and weight gain more than 1 kg/day
clear liquid diet
-no residue
-liquid at room temperature (like jello, popsicles, broth, black coffee, plain tea)
might be after a surgery
full liquid diet
-liquid at room temperature
-with residue (ice cream)
-milk drinks
-vegetables juices
blenderized/ pureed liquid diet
aka pudding diet, for ppl with chewing or swallowing restrictions (may be aged person or post jaw surgery)
mechanical soft diet
easy to chew like canned fruits and softly cooked veggies
dysphagia diet
level 1: pureed
level 2: mechanically altered
level 3: advanced
clinical findings of malnutrition
-poor wound healing
-dry hair
-weak hand grips
-impaired coordination
risk factors for osteoporosis
-inactivity
-family history
-cigarette smoking
cruciferous veggies
cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts
lactase
the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose
lactose
the predominant sugar of milk
sources of iron
meat, eggs, leafy greens, enriched breads, dried fruits
heme iron
meat, fish, poultry
non-heme iron
grains, legumes, vegetables
thyroxine
the thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism
sources of vitamin D
fatty fish, eggs
sources of magnesium
tuna, halibut, chocolate, nuts
hypertensive crisis
foods high in tyramine
aged cheese (cheddar, Parmesan, Gouda), smoked meats, fried fish, overripe avocados, soy sauce, red wine, sliced ham
MAOIs
-phenelzine
-selegiline
avoid foods high in tyramine!
sources of phosphorus
meat, dairy, eggs, legumes, peas
calcium deficiency
- Chvostek’s sign
- Trousseau’s sign
energy from carbohydrates
4 cal/g
energy from protein
4 cal/g
energy from lipids
9 cal/g
trace minerals/ micronutrients
-body needs less than 5g
-get 20 mg from diet daily
9 trace elements
iron, iodine, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride
sources of potassium
potatoes, oranges, dried fruits, dried peas, tomatoes, avocados, whole grains, bananas, dairy, meats, broccoli
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy, bleeding gums
medications that increase BMR
-epinephrine
-levothyroxine
-ephedrine sulfate
medications that decrease BMR
-opioids
-muscle relaxants
-barbiturates
morphine
an opioid narcotic, decreases BMR
Levothyroxine
treats hypothyroidism, increases BMR
What increases BMR?
-lactation
-prolonged stress
-puberty
What decreases BMR?
-malnutrition
- >60 yo
pregnant-person diet
spinach, orange juice, liver, 600 mcg folic acid, meat, whole grains
(want high folate and iron and vitamin C and protein)
limit alcohol, no caffeine
lactating-person diet
renal diet
Restrictions:
-sodium
-potassium
-protein
-fluid
cardiac diet
-low fat
-low sodium
supplements for vegetarians
-vitamin A
-vitamin B12
-iron
supplements for vegetarians
-vitamin A
-vitamin B12
-iron
stomatitis/oral mucositis
swelling and sores in the mouth, avoid dry food like toast
pectin-rich foods
increase bulk of the stool and lengthen time in the colon
HIV-associated muscle wasting
-fever or other condition for 30 days
-diarrhea
-weight loss of 10% or more
hypernatremia
often called water deficit, higher sodium concentration in blood because less water
HbA1c level
goal for diabetic is 6.5-7%
Somogyi phenomenon
fasting hyperglycemia that occurs in the morning in response to hypoglycemia during the night
fluid volume excess
Px can develop cracks in lungs, shortness of breath, dyspnea
Glycemic index
rates food based on how much they raise serum glucose
sources of zinc
pinto beans
pectin
a dietary fiber that helps to delay gastric emptying, apply to foods for people with dumping syndrome
manifestations of hypoglycemia
-diaphoresis
-irritability
-tremors/weakness/shakiness
-headache
-confusion
-hunger
-tachycardia
-cool, pale skin
-blurred vision
manifestations of hyperglycemia
-nausea
-vomiting
-acetone breath (fruity odor)
-rapid shallow breathing
-erythema
pancreatitis
-increased glucose
-increased bilirubin
-decreased insulin
-decreased calcium
chloride reference range
98-106 mEq/L
glucose reference range
70-130 mg/dL
cholesterol reference range
<200 mg/dL
high-phosphorous foods
salmon, sunflower seeds
adolescents needs more
-calcium
-iron
calcium reference range
9.0-10.5 mg/dL
WBC expected range
5000-10,000
prothrombin reference range
11-12.5 seconds
albumin reference range
3.5-5 g/dL
Hgb reference range women
12-16 g/dL
Hgb reference range men
14-18 g/dL
manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis
-fruity breath
-Kussmaul respirations
-excessive thirst
-orthostatic hypertension
-increased urination
potassium reference range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
manifestations of refeeding syndrome
-acidosis
-fluid retention
-seizures
