Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
macrobiotic diet
A
a whole-foods diet based on locally grown plants with occasional fish or seafood
2
Q
Yom Kippur
A
24 hour fast
3
Q
halal
A
foods permitted to eat according to Islamic faith
4
Q
haram
A
foods prohibited according to Islamic faith
5
Q
ahisma
A
not harming living creatures (Hinduism and Buddhism)
6
Q
myalgia
A
muscle aches and pain
7
Q
norovirus manifestions
A
-projectile vomiting
-fever
-myalgia
-watery diarrhea
-headache
8
Q
food allergies pathophysiology
A
initiate release of serotonin and histamine
9
Q
high vitamin K foods
A
-dark green vegetables
-eggs
-carrots
10
Q
food intolerances
A
do not occur consistently, depend on amount of food eaten
11
Q
perishables
A
do not leave at room temperature for more than 2 hours (1 hour if the temperature is 90 degrees Fahrenheit/ 32 Celsius)
12
Q
glycogen
A
stored carbohydrate energy source found in the liver and muscles. Available in limited supply, as a backup
13
Q
carbohydrate cal:gram ratio
A
4 cal/g of energy
14
Q
corn syrup
A
monosaccharide, glucose
15
Q
fructose
A
fruits
16
Q
galactose
A
monosaccharide found in milk
17
Q
lactose
A
disaccharide found in milk sugar
18
Q
fructose
A
monosaccharide found in fruits
19
Q
glucose
A
monosaccharide found in corn syrup
20
Q
sucrose
A
disaccharide found in table sugar
21
Q
maltose
A
disaccharide found in malt sugar
22
Q
polysaccharides
A
grains, whole grains, legumes, root vegetables, fruits, vegetables
23
Q
complete protein
A
has all 9 essential amino acids, from animal sources and soy
24
Q
water-soluble vitamins
A
B-complex and C
25
macrocytic anemia
when bone marrow produces abnormally large red blood cells
-megaloblastic
-non-megaloblastic
26
vitamin B6 sources
meats, grains, legumes
27
phospholipids
e.g. lecithin
28
pellagra
manifestations include sun-sensitive skin lesions. niacin/ B3 deficiency
29
glossitis
smooth/swollen red tongue. riboflavin/ B2 deficiency
30
beriberi
ataxia, confusion, anorexia, tachycardia. common in alcoholics
31
fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A,D,E,K
32
scurvy
severe vitamin C deficiency
33
Warfarin
anticoagulant
34
prealbumin
thyroxine-binding protein. a measure used to assess critically ill people who are at risk for malnutrition
35
prealbumin expected reference range
15-36 mg/dL
36
blood urea nitrogen reference range
10-20 mg/dL
37
PN allergy assessment (if lipids prescribed)
soybeans, safflower, eggs
38
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing. high-Fowler’s position helps
39
hypokalemia
dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion
40
hyperkalemia
dysrhythmia, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numbness in extremities
41
intrinsic factor
helps the body absorb vitamin B12
42
Crohn’s disease
a malabsorption syndrome, regional enteritis. A chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with periods of exacerbation and remission
43
caffeine
stimulates the heart and increases heart rate. Avoid after an MI!
44
folic acid sources
green leafy veggies, seeds, OJ, citrus fruits, nuts
45
high-fat foods
difficult to digest
46
high-fat foods
difficult to digest
47
dumping syndrome
stuff moves from stomach to small intestine too quickly
48
colon
absorbs large amounts of fluid, sodium and potassium
49
steatorrhea
oily stool, a clinical finding with celiac disease
50
ghrelin
hormone that decreases hunger
51
monosaccharides
simple carbohydrates like glucose, fructose, and galactose
52
disaccharides
simple carbohydrates like sucrose, lactose, and maltose
53
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates like starch, fiber, and glycogen
54
energy-yielding nutrients
carbohydrates, fat, protein
55
carbohydrates acceptable range
45-65% of calories
56
average minimum amount (DRI) of carbohydrates to fuel the brain
130 g/day
57
carbohydrates
organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. provide energy to the body and allow maximum functioning of brain and nervous system tissue
58
essential nutrients
nutrients that the body cannot manufacture
59
fiber needed daily
25 g/day females, 38 g/day males
60
incomplete proteins
generally from plant sources like legumes and peanut butter. don't have all the amino acids
61
complete protein from plants through pairing
black beans with rice, hummus with crackers
62
essential fatty acids
like omega-3 and omega-6. they support blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammatory response
63
unsaturated fatty acids
usually from plant sources. includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
63
sterols
e.g. cholesterol. (Not an essential nutrient because the liver is able to produce enough to meet needs)
64
unsaturated fatty acids
usually from plant sources. includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
65
fats AMDR
20-35 % of total calories
66
cachetic state
wasting
67
very-low-density lipoproteins
carry triglycerides to the cells
68
low-density lipoproteins
carry cholesterol to the tissues. want this <130
69
high-density lipoprotein
move excess cholesterol from the cells to the liver for disposal. want this >60
70
lipids calorie profile
9 calories/gram of energy (densest form of stored energy)
71
vitamin C
ascorbic acid. healing and immune system function
72
vitamin C sources
citrus fruits (oranges and lemons)
73
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy, a hemorrhagic disease
74
thiamin
B1
75
riboflavin
B2
76
niacin
B3
77
pyridoxine
vitamin B6
78
vitamin B6 sources
meats, grains, legumes
79
cheilosis
cracks on lips and corners of mouth
80
duty of B-complex vitamins
metabolism
81
B-complex vitamin sources
usually include green leafy veggies and unprocessed grains
82
spina bifida
a fetal neural tube defect
83
anencephaly
a fetal neural tube defect
84
pernicious anemia
from a strict vegan diet
B12 deficiency, deficiency of vitamin B12
85
intrinsic factor
needed to absorb vitamin B12 (someone will get pernicious anemia without intrinsic factor)
86
cobalamin
vitamin B12
87
retinol
vitamin A
88
beta-carotene
vitamin A
89
retinoids
active form of vitamin A
90
xerophthalmia
dry eye
91
vitamin A sources
carrots, apricots, squash, cantaloupe, yams
92
vitamin D sources
fatty fish, eggs
93
rickets
vitamin D deficiency
94
osteomalacia
vitamin D deficiency
95
minerals
inorganic compounds
96
7 major minerals
calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulfur
97
electrolytes
electrically-charged minerals
98
major electrolytes
sodium, potassium, chloride
99
vitamin K function
assists in blood clotting
100
potassium function
muscle action, maintains fluid volume inside cells
101
thyroid function tests
indirectly measures BMR
102
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
vitamin B12 and/or vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency
103
sodium duties
digestion, acid-base-balance, intra- & extracellular fluid balance
104
sodium sources
table salt, added salts, processed foods
105
hypochloremia
(rare) muscle cramps, anorexia
106
hyperchloremia
vomiting
107
calcium duties
bone/tooth formation, blood pressure & clotting, nerve transmission
108
calcium sources
dairy, broccoli, kale, fortified grains
109
hypocalcemia
Tetany, positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, osteoporosis (adults), poor growth (kids)
110
hypercalcemia
constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep tendon reflexes
111
magnesium duties
bone formation, catalyst for enzyme reactions, smooth musle relaxation
112
magnesium sources
green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate
113
hypomagnesemia
weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions, increased blood pressure, anorexia
114
hypermagnesemia
diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradcycardia, lethargy
115
hypermagnesemia nursing actions
follow seizure precautions, LOC and VS
116
hypophosphatemia
deficient phosphorous
117
hypophosphatemia etiology
evaluate the use of antacids and the use of alcohol
118
calcium nursing actions
monitor ECG and respiratory status. give PO tabs with vitamin D
119
excess calcium
constipation, renal stones,
120
sources of iron
meat, poultry, fish, tofu, whole grains
121
goiter
not enough iodine and thyroid gland enlarges
122
thyrotoxicosis
too much iodine
123
sources of iodine
seafood
124
phytonutrients/phytochemicals
occur naturally in plants
125
fluorosis
toxicity from fluoride. itching and chest pain
126
calcified body tissue
bones and teeth
127
"insensible losses" of water
1000 mL lost from breathing, sweating, and pooping
128
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy used for heartbeat, circulation, breathing, maintaining body temperature. After a 12 hr fast
129
RMR (resting metabolic rate)
energy used for heartbeat, circulation, breathing, maintaining body temperature (without 12 hr fast)
130
catabolic illness
surgery, extensive burns
131
extensive burns nursing action
give Px more calories
132
post surgery nursing action
give Px more calories and protein
133
catabolism
releases energy
134
omega-3 fatty acids
fish, flaxseed, soy beans, canola, walnuts
135
homocysteine
an amino acid. elevated levels can increase risk of CHD
136
lean meats
turkey, chicken
137
liquid oils
olive or canola
138
potassium sources
apricots, bananas, tomatoes, avocadoes, potatoes, whole grains, cantaloupe
139
hypertension
sustained elevation in blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/80 mmHg
140
intrinsic factor
a protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12
141
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying component of blood
142
most common nutritional disorder in the world
iron deficiency anemia
143
sources of B12
fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk
144
evidence of fluid overload
edema and weight gain more than 1 kg/day
145
clear liquid diet
-no residue
-liquid at room temperature (like jello, popsicles, broth, black coffee, plain tea)
might be after a surgery
146
full liquid diet
-liquid at room temperature
-with residue (ice cream)
-milk drinks
-vegetables juices
147
blenderized/ pureed liquid diet
aka pudding diet, for ppl with chewing or swallowing restrictions (may be aged person or post jaw surgery)
148
mechanical soft diet
easy to chew like canned fruits and softly cooked veggies
149
dysphagia diet
level 1: pureed
level 2: mechanically altered
level 3: advanced
150
clinical findings of malnutrition
-poor wound healing
-dry hair
-weak hand grips
-impaired coordination
151
risk factors for osteoporosis
-inactivity
-family history
-cigarette smoking
152
cruciferous veggies
cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts
153
lactase
the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose
154
lactose
the predominant sugar of milk
155
sources of iron
meat, eggs, leafy greens, enriched breads, dried fruits
156
heme iron
meat, fish, poultry
157
non-heme iron
grains, legumes, vegetables
158
thyroxine
the thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism
159
sources of vitamin D
fatty fish, eggs
160
sources of magnesium
tuna, halibut, chocolate, nuts
161
hypertensive crisis
162
foods high in tyramine
aged cheese (cheddar, Parmesan, Gouda), smoked meats, fried fish, overripe avocados, soy sauce, red wine, sliced ham
163
MAOIs
-phenelzine
-selegiline
avoid foods high in tyramine!
164
sources of phosphorus
meat, dairy, eggs, legumes, peas
165
calcium deficiency
- Chvostek’s sign
- Trousseau’s sign
166
energy from carbohydrates
4 cal/g
167
energy from protein
4 cal/g
168
energy from lipids
9 cal/g
169
trace minerals/ micronutrients
-body needs less than 5g
-get 20 mg from diet daily
170
9 trace elements
iron, iodine, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride
171
sources of potassium
potatoes, oranges, dried fruits, dried peas, tomatoes, avocados, whole grains, bananas, dairy, meats, broccoli
172
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy, bleeding gums
173
medications that increase BMR
-epinephrine
-levothyroxine
-ephedrine sulfate
174
medications that decrease BMR
-opioids
-muscle relaxants
-barbiturates
175
morphine
an opioid narcotic, decreases BMR
176
Levothyroxine
treats hypothyroidism, increases BMR
177
What increases BMR?
-lactation
-prolonged stress
-puberty
178
What decreases BMR?
-malnutrition
- >60 yo
179
pregnant-person diet
spinach, orange juice, liver, 600 mcg folic acid, meat, whole grains
(want high folate and iron and vitamin C and protein)
limit alcohol, no caffeine
180
lactating-person diet
181
renal diet
Restrictions:
-sodium
-potassium
-protein
-fluid
182
cardiac diet
-low fat
-low sodium
183
supplements for vegetarians
-vitamin A
-vitamin B12
-iron
184
supplements for vegetarians
-vitamin A
-vitamin B12
-iron
185
stomatitis/oral mucositis
swelling and sores in the mouth, avoid dry food like toast
186
pectin-rich foods
increase bulk of the stool and lengthen time in the colon
187
HIV-associated muscle wasting
-fever or other condition for 30 days
-diarrhea
-weight loss of 10% or more
188
hypernatremia
often called water deficit, higher sodium concentration in blood because less water
189
HbA1c level
goal for diabetic is 6.5-7%
190
Somogyi phenomenon
fasting hyperglycemia that occurs in the morning in response to hypoglycemia during the night
191
fluid volume excess
Px can develop cracks in lungs, shortness of breath, dyspnea
192
Glycemic index
rates food based on how much they raise serum glucose
193
sources of zinc
pinto beans
194
pectin
a dietary fiber that helps to delay gastric emptying, apply to foods for people with dumping syndrome
195
manifestations of hypoglycemia
-diaphoresis
-irritability
-tremors/weakness/shakiness
-headache
-confusion
-hunger
-tachycardia
-cool, pale skin
-blurred vision
196
manifestations of hyperglycemia
-nausea
-vomiting
-acetone breath (fruity odor)
-rapid shallow breathing
-erythema
197
pancreatitis
-increased glucose
-increased bilirubin
-decreased insulin
-decreased calcium
198
chloride reference range
98-106 mEq/L
199
glucose reference range
70-130 mg/dL
200
cholesterol reference range
<200 mg/dL
201
high-phosphorous foods
salmon, sunflower seeds
202
adolescents needs more
-calcium
-iron
203
calcium reference range
9.0-10.5 mg/dL
204
WBC expected range
5000-10,000
205
prothrombin reference range
11-12.5 seconds
206
albumin reference range
3.5-5 g/dL
207
Hgb reference range women
12-16 g/dL
208
Hgb reference range men
14-18 g/dL
209
manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis
-fruity breath
-Kussmaul respirations
-excessive thirst
-orthostatic hypertension
-increased urination
210
potassium reference range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
211
manifestations of refeeding syndrome
-acidosis
-fluid retention
-seizures
