Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q
  • Digestion starts in the mouth (Salivary amylase
  • continues in the small bowel (salivary amaylase inhibited by gastric acid)
  • pancreatic amylase
  • brush border enzymes
  • absorption in small bowel- monosaccharides rapidly prior to terminal ileum
A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Minimal digestion in the mouth
  • major site digestion in stomach (requires acidity, pepsin breaks down, b12 cleaved)
  • continues in small bowel (pancreatic peptidase)
  • absorption in small bowel (carrier mediated)
A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Digestion starts in mouth (lingual lipase)
  • continues in small bowel (pancreatic lipase; bile acid needed to emulsify)
  • end products- fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerids, fat soluable vitamins (A,D,E,K)
  • Absorption in small bowel- most in the ileum
A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Constipation nutrition therapy

A

Adequate fiber intake

  • adult women- goal 21-25g/d
  • adult men- gol 35-38 g/d
  • gradually increase intake

Adequate hydration

  • general recommendation 30ml/kg or 1ml/kcal
  • needs are proportional to muscle mass

Physical activity

  • consider fiber supplementation (wheat bran, psyllium, methlycellulose

Establish regular pattern of eating and stooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diarrhea Nutrition therapy

A
  • Restore fluid/electrolyte balance (oral rehydration solutions)
  • review meds/supplements
  • evaluate for diertary triggers
  • thicken stool and slow motility
  • consider vitamin/mineral supplementation
  • ensure nutrition adequacy
  • probiotic?- depends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is considered a trigger for diarrhea?

A
  • caffeine
  • FODMAPs
  • high fat meals
  • alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • Lack/reduction in lactase enzymes resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms
  • presents as bloating, flatulence, cramping, pain, diarrhea (symptoms depend on level of lactase activity and lactose load
A

Lactose intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is primary and secondary lactase deficiency?

A

Primary lactase deficiency

  • genetically programmed
  • irreversible
  • occurs in 80-90% african and asian americans

Secondary lactase deficiency

  • Surgical resection
  • inflammation
  • radiation
  • medications
  • may reverse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lactose intolerance nutrition therapy (no need to cut all dairy)

A
  • limit or avoid high lactose containing foods (spread intake throughout day)
  • consume low lactose dairy products (lactose free milk, cheddar and swiss, most yogurts
  • lactase enzymes
  • consider calcium supplementation if not meeting needs (requires adequate vitamin D)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • therapy option for IBS (more recent studies in queiscent IBD, fecal incontinence
  • short term, learning, phasic diet
  • not intuitive or simple, strongly advise dietitian guidance
A

FODMAPs diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who is the FODMAP diet inappropriate for?

A
  • non-confirmed IBS
  • hx of eating disorders
  • significant weight loss
  • people that don’t eat FODMAPs
  • people who cannot cook or limited access
  • not a low fiber diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GERD nutrition therapy

A
  • weight reduction when appropriate
  • avoid/reduce foods that lower LES pressure (alcohol, spearmint, peppermint, chocolate, coffee)
  • avoid/reduce foods that increase gastric acidity (alcohol, caffeine, pepper)
  • low fat diet About 50-60 grams daily
  • small frequent meals
  • upright after eating
  • mindfulness eating behaviors
  • may help to avoid spicy and acidic foods but as clear

* loose fitting clothing, appropriate sleep conditions, smoking cessa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Autoimmune digestive disease in response to gluten ingestion that results in intestinal mucosa damage
  • results in malabsorption of nutrients (macros, calcium, iron, folate, vitamin D and B12, electrolytes with persistent diarrhea)
  • only treatment is gluten free diet
A

Celiac disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intestinal symptoms of celiac disease?

A
  • diarrhea or constipation
  • abdominal pain
  • bloating/gas
  • cramping
  • steatorrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

extraintestinal signs and symptoms of celiac disease?

A
  • fatigue
  • anemia
  • neurological disorders
  • joint pain
  • skin rash- dermatitis herpetiformis
  • osteoporosis
  • amenorrhea
  • infertlity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diagnosis of celiac’s disease

A

duodenal biopsy- (6-8 samples) Gold standard

  • patient must consume gluten for at least 2 weaks prior, 4-6 is ideal

serology is supportive

  • tTG- IgA (tissue transglutaminase antibodies)
  • total IgA recommended to avoid false negative result

Genetic testing is supportive but not diagnostic

resolution of symptoms on GFD is not a diagnosis of CD

17
Q

Celiac disease nutrition therapy

A

Lifelong avoidance of gluten

  • relief of sx typically after 2-4 weeks GFD
  • resolution of maldigestion and malabsorption

What about oats

  • restict frist 6 months on GFD
  • recommend “certified” gluten free oats

Assess anthropometric changes, NFPE
Educate/ counsel
Test and Treat nutrient deficiencies

  • (iron, folic acid, vitamin D, B12, A, Zn, Cu; BMD rec’d

Long term follow up

18
Q

common nutritional consequences on GFD?

A
  • Lactose intolerance (likely to resovle)
  • constipation (lack of fiber)
  • weight gain (improved dietary intake, improved absorption)
  • nutrient deficiency
19
Q

symptoms of IBD?

A
  • Loss of appetite
  • reduced intake
  • weight loss
  • altered metabolism
  • increased energy needs
  • nutrition deficiences
20
Q

inflammatory bowel disease nutrition therapy

A
  • There is no single diet proven for IBD
  • balanced diet with individualized features

general guidelines

  • high protein diet, may be high calorie
  • possibly reduced lactose
  • small frequent meals
  • adequate fluids

can help maintain healthy weight, nutrition status, prevent/man. SX

21
Q

Nutrition therapy for IBD during active disease/flares

A
  • Low Fat usually helpful
  • continue high protein
  • limit lactose intake
  • limit fructose
  • limit sorbitol and other sugar alcohols (medications - liquid tylenol, gum, sugar-free beverages

Low residue diet

  • may be beneficial with strictures
  • avoidance of nuts, seeds, corn, potato skins, raw vegetables, skins of fruits

HYDRATION

  • electrolytes are lost, gatorade and juice may not be well tolerated
  • choose pedialyte, drip drop, or low sugar ensure/boost
22
Q

what micronutrient deficiencies should you be aware of in IBD?

A
  • calcium- if avoiding dairy, chronic corticosteroid use
  • Vitamin D- fat soluable, consider area affected
  • iron- blood loss in stool, decreased intake
  • potassium- diarrhea, prednisone therapy
  • zinc, magnesium- diarrhea or surgery
  • folate- decreased intake, sulfasalazine & methotrexate therapy
  • b12- absorption requires functioning ileum, decrease intake
23
Q
  • imperative for digestion and absorption of food
  • exocrine portion responsible for secretion of: amylase, lipase, carbohydrase etc
  • produces 1.0-2.5L of exocrine solutions per day
  • output decreased during fasted state, though there is basal flow
A

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency

24
Q

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency nutrition therapy

A
  • low fat diet may help control pain but can further caloric deficit
  • insufficient evidence regarding MCTs
  • use of pancreatic enzyme supplementation: Aid in digestion of fat so no need to limit, alleviate diarrhea, maintain normal nutrition, make sure to take with meals
25
Q

indications of enteral nutrition

A

oral intake unsafe

  • dysphagia, GI obstruction, aspiration

Oral intake insufficient

  • acute pancreatitis, chronic liver disease, chron’s, diabetic gastroparesis, neoplasm, anorexia

Oral intake impossible

  • Coma or unresponsive, respiratory failure, critical illness

GI TRACT MUST BE FUNCTIONAL

26
Q

benefits and drawbacks of enteral nutrition?

A

Benefits

  • supports gut functional integrity
  • maintain gut associated immune function
  • reduced infectious complications
  • cost is less than parental

Drawbacks

  • may not be well tolerated
  • requires great commitment and safety measures as an outpatient
27
Q

indications for parenteral nutrition

A
  • failed EN
  • GI tract inaccessible or unsafe
  • non-functional GI tract:
  • bowel rest: graft vs. host, severe persistent colitis
  • DO NOT USE WHEN THE GUT WORKS!
28
Q

Benefits and drawbacks of parenteral nutrition?

A

Benefits

  • may be necessary in certain clinical situations to improve markers of nutritional status

Drawbacks

  • rarely shown to improve patient outcomes
  • metabolic complications
  • mechanical complications
  • increased risk infection
  • more time and resources vs EN