Nutrition

Question 1

How long should breastfeeding occur for?

Answer 1

At least 6 months

Question 2

What are benefits of breastfeeding?

Answer 2

• Lower risk of SIDS
• Reduced risk for allergies/intolerances/infections
• Obesity prevention
• Optimal nutrient composition
• Cost effective and convenient

Question 3

What is colostrum?

Answer 3

Small amount of fluid produced 24-48 hours after birth; very nutrient dense, immunologic factors, protein, minerals, etc.

Question 4

Mature milk is produced ____ days after birth.

Answer 4

14 days

Question 5

What is galactosemia?

Answer 5

A rare, hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that affects the body’s ability to convert galactose to glucose - prevents baby from breastfeeding

Question 6

What are contraindications to breast-feeding in mothers?

Answer 6

• Mastitis
• Active, untreated TB
• HSV on breast
• HIV
• Illicit drugs
• Maternal medications

Question 7

What is the most costly infant formula?

Answer 7

Liquid, ready to feed

Question 8

What is the most common infant formula?

Answer 8

Powder - longest shelf life, least expensive

Question 9

What is the standard dilution of infant formula?

Answer 9

0.67 kcal/mL or 20 cal/oz

Question 10

Solids should be introduced at…

Answer 10

6 months

Question 11

What are some of the contributing factors for iron deficiency?

Answer 11

• Low or delayed intake of iron-rich food
• Low vitamin C intake
• Excessive cow’s milk

Question 12

When introducing solid foods, which foods should be introduced first?

Answer 12

Iron-rich foods to replete storages, offered at least 2x/day, paired with vitamin C rich foods to enhance absorption

Question 13

What is the only food that should be avoided?

Answer 13

Honey, due to the risk of botulism

Question 14

In infants at high risk for allergies, when should common allergens be introduced?

Answer 14

As soon as possible, one at a time, spaced apart by at least 2 days

Question 15

When should infants be self-feeding with hands?

Answer 15

9-12 months

Question 16

How can dental caries be reduced?

Answer 16

• Always examine the month
• No bottle during sleep
• Add fluoride to water
• Do not dip pacifier in sugar/honey
• Brushing teeth
• Wean from bottle by 1 year of age

Question 17

What are the guidelines to reduce risk for aspiration?

Answer 17

Under 4 years of age, avoid: popcorn, hard candies, gum, whole nuts/seeds, marshmallows, fish with bones, and other foods that are smooth, round or sticky

Instead: grate/dice produce, chop grapes, hotdogs, remove pits, etc.

Question 18

Cross-reactivity can exist between cow’s milk and…

Answer 18

Soy milk

Question 19

Mature milk is complete with all vitamins/minerals except for…

Answer 19

Vitamin D

Question 20

What are the two components of mature milk?

Answer 20

Foremilk - beginning of feed, mostly CHO, protein & water
Hindmilk - end of feed, higher in fat

Question 21

How should formula be prepared?

Answer 21

• Liquid concentrate - 1:1 ratio with water
• Powder - 1 scoop to 2 oz (60 mL)
• Water must be boiled and thus sterile

Question 22

What is extensively hydrolyzed CMB formula used for?

Answer 22

Confirmed food allergies or malabsorption syndromes

Question 23

How often should feeds occur in infants?

Answer 23

• 6-10/day in first week
• 6-8/day in first month
• 5-6/day in months 1-3
• 4-5/day in months 3-7

Question 24

When can homo milk be consumed by infants?

Answer 24

9-24 months, max 16 oz (500 mL) per day

Question 25

When should homo milk be replaced with skim, 1%, or 2% milk?

Answer 25

> 24 months, max 16 oz per day

Question 26

Fruit juice should be limited to…

Answer 26

1/2 cup/day

Question 27

What are the vitamin D requirements for healthy term infants?

Answer 27

• 400 IU
• 800 IU in Northern Canada from Oct-Apr

Question 28

When should infants be using a cup and spoon?

Answer 28

12-18 months