Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neontal boards J > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What trace elements should be removed with cholestasis

A

manganese and copper

Inc zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What trace elements should be removed with renal dysfunction

A

Selenium and chromium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which component of breastmilk serves as a prebiotic

A

Oligosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What proteins are primarily consumed by neonate

A

Whey
Casein

Whey: Casein ratio
Breastmilk 80:20
Colostrum 90:10
Mature milk 55:45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the essential AA (9)

A

methionine
threonine
tryptophan
branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine)
phenylalanine
histidine
lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the essential FA- derivative

A

linoleic (LA)- Arachinodic

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)- docosahexaenoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to diagnose essential fatty acid deficiency

A

triene:tetrene ratio (Holman index) with a value greater than 0.2 suggestive of biochemical EFAD,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It is essential for retinal and brain development

A

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (L-PUFA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Contraindication to breastfeeding

A
  • galactosemia
  • a mother with HIV
  • a mother with active HSV lesions on her breast
  • symptomatic TB
  • mothers who are using street drugs should not breastfeed

other drugs: lithium, methotrexate, radioactive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the glucogenic AA

A

Alanine
Glutamic acid
Aspartic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fetal water content increases/ decreases with GA

  1. TBW
  2. Extracellular
  3. Intracellular
A
  1. Dec
  2. Dec
  3. INC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Energy requirements (kcal/kg/day) for preterm infants to achieve normal growth

A

Enterally fed: 100-130
IV fed: 85-95
ESPGHAN: 115-130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protein content of preterm vs term formula

A

greater protein and whey:casein ratio in preterm formula

Whey has greater cystein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the largest AA concentration in human milk

A

Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calories for every gram of
1. CHON
2. CHO
3. Fat

A
  1. 4
  2. 3.4
  3. 9
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Protein requirements
- %total calories
- g/k/d

A
  • 7-15% of total calories
  • Start: 1.5-3 g/kg/day max 4g/kg/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is majority of dietary fat

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prevalent FA in human milk

A

Oleic and palmitic acid
DHA- variable among women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Essential FA deficiency findings

A
  • Scaly dermatitis
  • alopecia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • susceptibility to bacterial infection
  • failure to thrive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What component of lipid emulsion is the source of ALA and LA

A

Soybean oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the predominant carbohydrate in breastmilk

A

Lactose

Enhances absorption of Ca and Mg
promotes intestinal growth
In PT formula: some lactose replaced by corn syrup and short chain glucose polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CHO requirements: (GIR)
1. Preterm
2. Full Term

A
  1. 5-8 mg/kg/min
  2. 3-5 mg/kg/min

due to inc brain:body weight ratio, dec fat stores, inc total energy req

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which water soluble vitamin formed by precursor

A

Niacin
- from tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are vitamins cross the placenta

A

Water soluble: active transport
Fat soluble: simple or facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What vitamin is breastfed infant of vegetarian mother who do not ingest eggs/dairy products need or lack

A

Vitamin B12

26
Q

What vitamin deficiency for infants fed with evap or goats milk

A

folic acid

27
Q

Vitamin deficiency presents with megaloblastic macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Vitamin B12
Folate

Vit B12 CHO and fat metab
Folate coenzyme AA and nucleic acid metab

28
Q

It is recommended concurrently with iron to protect from iron-induced hemolysis

A

Vitamin E

Def: inc sensitivty of RBC to H2O2 and hemolysis; anemia and retic, thrombocytosis, neuro

29
Q

Vitamin important for pulmonary epithelial growth and cellular diff (role in CLD)

A

Vitamin A (retinol)

other: photophobia, conjunctivitis

30
Q

what vitamin deficieny presents with fatigue, irritability, constipation, cardiac failure?

A

Vit B1 (thiamine)

Associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase, maple syrup urine disease

31
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated with glutaric aciduria type I

A

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

failure to thrive, photophobia, blurred vision, dermatitis, mucositis

32
Q

Vitamin def presents with hypochromic anemia, seizures

A

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

associated with homocytinuria

33
Q

What trace element deficiency presents with anemia, neutropenia, osteoporosis, depigmented hair & skin, hypotonia and ataxia

A

Copper

Critical for production of RBC

34
Q

Where is iron predominantly absorbed

A

duodenum and proximal jejunum

35
Q

It presents as:
* failure to thrive/ poor growth despite adequate calories
* alopecia
* diarrhea
* dermatitis/rash (crusted, erythematous involivng face, extremiites and anogenital areas)
* ocular changes

A

Zinc

Preterm infants may not have acrodermatitis enteropathica

36
Q

It induces breast growth and ductal branching

A

Estrogen and HPL

37
Q

Hormone establishing and maintaning lactation

A

Prolactin

secreted by ant pit gland thoughout preg, estrogen and progesterone inhibit milk production

38
Q

Mediates milk ejection

A

oxytocin

via contraction of myoepithelium around milk ducts

39
Q

When is IgA highest concentration in breast milk

A

Early breastmilk

Colostrum inc amt of lymphocytes, macrophage and Ig

40
Q

Electrolyte content of breastmilk vs cows milk

A

dec Na, Ca, K, Cl, Mg, P

41
Q

Protein content of BM as it matures

A

Decreases

hind and foremilk has the same CHON
Dec AA in BM vs formula

42
Q

Which has greater amount of
a. CHO
b. Fats
in foremilk vs hindmilk

A

a. CHO foremilk
b. Fats- hindmilk

43
Q

It is the most variable component of breastmilk

A

Fatty acid and TG

provides lipases, greater LPUFA than formula

44
Q

True or false: amount of cholesterol in breastmilk is independent of maternal diet

A

True
- Has greater amount compared to formula

Cholesterol needed for tissue growth, precusor bile salts and steroids

45
Q

Premature BM vs term BM:
Protein and electrolytes

A

Increased

However, inadequate (inc Ca, Phos, Vit D)
Need human milk fortifier

46
Q

What decreases with pasturization of BM

A

IgA
Enzymes
Water soluble vitamins
Cellular activities
Bacterial growth except Bacillus cereus
Protein denaturalization

47
Q

In preterm formula what nutrient is reduced

A

Lactose (less in PT formula)

The rest are higher or greater

48
Q

Difference of 10% vs 20% IL

A

10%
- lower TG,
- low calories/ml
- higher lipid:TG ratio (impairs lipid lipase)

49
Q

How many % of daily calories fats should provide

A

30-50%

20% IL ~ 2 kcal/ml

50
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Intake= protein intake *0.16
Lost= Urinary urea + est BM loss (4g)

Urinary urea= BUN*UO (mg/d)

0.16~ amt of N in every g of CHON

51
Q

what is the role of lactoferrin

A
  1. transports and absorb iron
  2. bacteriostatic
52
Q

What is energy intake recommendations for extremely-low-gestational-age neonates
1. enteral feeds alone
2. parental nutrition alone
3. receiving a combination of enteral feeds and parenteral nutrition.

A
  1. 120 to 130 kcal/kg/day
  2. 110 kcal/kg/day
  3. 110-120 kcal/kg/day
53
Q

What is the optimal ratio for CHO:fats

A

60:40

54
Q

Effect of excess glucose in TPN/diet

A

Increase lipogenesis- may further inc energy expenditure

Does not add lean muscle mass

55
Q

Management for short bowel syndrome who does not tolerate feeding advancement

A
  1. slower advancement
  2. Slower delivery
  3. switch to formula with higher fat content
  4. Refeed ostomy output to mucous fistula

rationale: if formula fed- higher osmotic load d/t corn syrup and lactose

56
Q

what is biochemical hallmark of refeeding syndrome

A

hypophosphatemia

  • think of IUGR received early parenteral nutrition with high AA now with deranged electrolytes
  • Mgt: temporarily dec AA
57
Q

Excessive weight loss in late preterm infants

A

more than 3% of birthweight at 24 hours or more than 7% by day 3.

supplementation with small quantities of expressed milk, donor breast milk, or infant formula:
5-10 mL per feed on day 1
10-30 mL per feed afterwards

58
Q

It is a mineral needed for cell proliferation, growth, and brain development

A

Zinc

chelates with cysteine and histidine to form zinc fingers, which are important for:
1. mRNA transcription
2. stimulates osteoblastic bone formation
3. involved in repair of oxidant lung injury

59
Q

What are the risk factors for hypertriglycerdemia

A
  1. ILE dose
  2. ILE oil composition
  3. pre-maturity
  4. fetal growth restriction
  5. low birthweight
  6. sepsis
  7. physiologic stress
60
Q

Based on the type of intralipid emulsion what is the dose to prevent essential FA deficiency

A

a. IL (100% soy bean): 0.5-1 mg/kg/day
b. SMOF (15% fish oil): 2.5-3 mg/kg/day
c. Omegaven (100% fish oil): 1g/kg/day

61
Q

What is the role of ILE in IFALD development

A

IV phytosterols are key drivers in the development of IFALD

dietary phytosterols have been shown to protect against HTG and hypercholesterolemia

62
Q

TPN mgt for babies at risk for refeeding syndrome

A

TPN lower AA 3 g/kg/day until phos becomes normal, Ca:Phos 1:1

Neontal boards J (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions