nutrition Flashcards
Wound Healing
Primary intention
- skin edges well approximated or closed
- heals quickly with minimal chance of infection or scarring
Wound Healing
Secondary Intention
- left open
- closes, filling in from the bottom up with scar tissue
- severe scarring
- longer time frame to heal
Wound Healing
Tertiary Intention
- left open for several days before the closure
- allowed to finish closing by primary intention
Diet for wound healing
high in: - protein - fat - carbohydrate - Vitamins A, C, E - minerals including zinc Most important--> vitamin C, protein and zinc
Wound assessment includes
- monitor serum albumin and serum protein (indicates good nutritional status)
- the type of wound
- mechanism of injury (electric, burn)
- exudate ( color amount characteristic)
- pain associated with the wound
- CBC
- wound cultures
Risk factors for delayed wound healing
- obesity
- anemia
- diabetes Mellitus
- malnutrition
- neuropathy
- smoking
- infection
- medications- corticosteroids
Signs and symptoms of poor healing
purulent exudate enlargement of wound failure to decrease in size increased pain discolored or dry wound bed the increased amount of exudate
Treatment for wound healing
Diet–> high protein and adequate calories
Wound care–> cleaning, promoting moist wound bed, dressings (manage type and amount of exudate)
Surgical treatments–> restore blood flow
Wound closure–> minimize scarring, decrease the risk of infection
Antibiotics-> infections
Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
can be stored in the body in large amounts
- absorbed better when a person takes them with higher fat foods
- low risk of deficiency
- the elevated risk of toxicity
Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin A (retinol)
-formed in the body from carotene Vitamin A supports several functions throughout the body, including: -vision (visual acuity- at night) -the immune system -tooth and bone development
Animal sources of vitamin A include:
fish liver oil
beef liver
cheese, milk, egg yolks, butter fat in milk
Sources of beta carotene include: sweet potato kale, spinach, and other green, leafy vegetables carrots cantaloupe, pineapple, limes, oranges black-eyed peas fortified breakfast cereals
Fatt-soluble vitamins: Vitamin D
- essential in calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- necessity for normal development of bone and teeth
Forms: Vitamin D2 (FROM plant sources): milk, cod liver oil, salmon and cod liver, egg yolk and butter fat Vitamin D3 ( in the skin-activated by exposure to sunlight or UV rays)
Deficiency- imperfect skeletal formation, bone disease, rickets, dental caries
Excess- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, weakness, increased thirst, increased urination, pruritus, altered kidney function
Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin E
-is a nutrient that’s important to vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin and is an antioxidant
Food sources: wheat germ, vegetable oils (soybean and corn)
Deficiencies:
-immune system supression
- red blood cell hemolysis
Excess in low-birth-weight neonates
Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin K
- is a group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal
- necessity for clotting factors (8,9, 10)and prothrombin in the liver
- requires bacteria for formation in the colon
- bile salts are necessary for vitamin K absorption
USES: conversion of osteocalcin to the active form
- inhibits calcium oxalate stone formation in the kidneys
- given to all newborns
- helps decrease bleeding in surgeries
Deficiency: prolonged clotting and bleeding times
Food sources:
alfalfa, fats, oats, wheat, rye
A high calcium diet includes
Your body needs calcium to build and maintain strong bones. Your heart, muscles and nerves also need calcium to function properly
Examples:
extra milk products, green leafy vegetables, eggs
High-Calorie diet
extra servings of carbs
examples are: whole grains, fruits, honey, starches, refined sugars, potato, legumes (peas and beans), vegetables
High fiber diet
for clients with constipatiton
-maximizes the bulk in stools
Encourage: fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain cereals and breads, foods high in fiber
Examples: apples, oatmeal, bran muffin, grapefruit, lima beans, cracked wheat bread, minestrone soup, asparagus, brussel sprouts
Not allowed: white bread, cakes, pies
High protein diet
extra servings of protein
indicated for: Your body may need extra protein if you have certain health conditions, such as cancer, burns, or injuries. You may also need to follow this diet to get stronger after a surgery or illness.
Found in: fish, chicken, pork, beef, cheese, eggs, soybeans, some veggies
Low calorie diet
decrease meat increase fish decreases calorie intake grill, broil and microwave food limit sweet deserts
Normal calories: women (1500-1800) men (1500-1800)
encourage–> dietary journal
Low cholesterol diet
indicated for people with:
- heart disease
- arteriosclerosis
- high cholesterol
*cholestterol is a fat-like substance found in foods of animal origin
Foods included- healthy foods without animal origin
Foods contraindicated- milk, egg yolk, organ meats
Low potassium diet
used for: fluid balance, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission, skeletal muscle contractility control, metabolic reaction catalyst
Foods not allowed: soy nuts, pistachios, peanuts, cantaloupe, apricots, orange, banana, raisins, plantains, prunes, apple juice, sweet potato, baked potato, peas, tomato juice, avocado, spinach, asparagus fish, lamb, beef, clams, yogurt, molasses
Low protein diet
for patients with kidney or hepatic damage
-decreases the workload of the liver in metabolizing nitrogen to urea and of the kidney excreting urea
Diet–> fat and carbs
Encourage these proteins in small amounts:
-yogurt, soy, poultry, milk, meat, fish, eggs, cheese
Low sodium diet (140 mg or less)
lower body water and excretion
lowers blood pressure
Foods not allowed
-preserved meats, cheese, fried fruits, milk products, canned foods, added salt
What percent of daily caloric intake comes from fats?
25%
Lab data that determine nutritional status
- serum protein level
- albumin
- pre-albumin
- cholesterol levels
