Nutrition Flashcards
What is in the clear liquid diet?
Broth, gelatin, carbonated beverages, bouillon, fruit juice without the pulp, hard candy, ice pops, lemonade, regular or caffeinated coffee or tea
Sugar and salt is okay
Whats in the full liquid diet?
Refined cooked cereal, milk, ice-cream, sherbet, pudding, custards, vegetable (strained) and fruit juice, strained soup
What is in the mechanical diet?
Chopped, grounded, mashed and pureed
The texture is changed
Chopped or ground meat, flaked fish, cottage cheese, soft bread, potatoes, rice, cooked vegetable and fruits, canned fruits, peanut butter, banana, non-fried egg, pancakes and all cream soups
Avoid fried foods, nuts, tough smoked or salted meat, raw fruits and vegetable
What is in the soft diet?
Pasta, casserole, cooked vegetable and fruits, tender meat, canned fruits, cooked vegetables, cookies and cakes without nuts or coconut
What is in the low-fiber diet?
White bread, white rice, refined cooked cereal and pasta, cooked potatoes without the skin
Avoid: raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, plant fiber and whole grains
High fiber food?
Vegetables, fruits, whole grains
Who is the cardiac diet for?
hypertension, DM, hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, athescelroriss
What is the DASH?
part of cardiac diet which is dietary approach to stop hypertension to control and prevent hypertension, hypercholestremia and obesity
What is in the cardiac or DASH diet?
fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, meat, fish, poultry, beans and dairy food low in fat
avoid: red meat, added sugar and fat
Restrict food high in sodium, cholestrol, saturated fat, trans, mono and poly saturated fats
Fat-restricted diet?
restrict trans fat, saturated fat, poly and monounsaturated fat
What is in the high calorie, high-protein diet?
whole milk, milk products, fish, beef, pork, chicken, nuts, seeds, peanut butter and eggs
encourage snacks in between such as milkshake, instant breakfast and supplements
What is a carbohydrate consistent diet?
maintaining a consistent amount of carbohydrate each day with each meal known as carb counting
Stages of sodium restricted diet?
Individualized: 4 g daily
Moderate restriction- 2-3 g daily
Strict- 1 g
Severe restriction and seldom (not often) prescribed- 5– mg daily
What should you avoid in sodium restricted diet?
Encourage fresh foods
Avoid packed, canned, frozen and instant meals, soups, salad dressing, soy sauce, smoked pickles, snacks such as pretzels and potato chips
Salt substitute should be used but it contains high amount of potassium which should be avoided for patients with renal disease
Protein restricted diet?
40-60g a day
Enough protein should be given for nutritional value but not so much that it causes build up of waste products from protein metabolism
Avoid milk, meat, breads, and starch
Low protein food such as pasta, bread, cookies, gelatin, wheat starch and wafers can be added for variety and energy
carbohydrate in liquid or powder form can be given for energy
Veg and fruits have some protein so they should be accounted for
who is gluten free diet for?
patients with celiac disease and who have sensitivity to the gluten
what is renal diet?
restriction on protein, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium and fluids
Hemodialysis have more fluid and protein restriction than peritoneal dialysis
Measuring daily weight is important to monitor fluid status
Food low in potassium?
applesauce, green beans, cabbage, grapes, raspberry, pineapple, blueberry, cooked squash and turnip
Purine-restricted diet?
Restrict anchovies, mackerel, herring, sardine, scallops, organ meat, meat extract, gravies, sweetbread, goose
High diet iron includes?
organ meat, meat, whole wheat products, egg yolk, green leafy vegetables, legumes and dried fruit
vitamin c enhances iron absorption
When does clear liquid diet apply?
For someone who did not have oral intake for a long time, before or after surgery, before surgery or diagnostic procedure, malnourished person, fever, vomiting or diarrhea, gastroenteritis
Initial feeding after bowel rest
Provides fluids and electrolytes
how long is clear liquid diet?
short term
What does clear liquid diet lack?
nutrients but is easily digested and ABSORBED
What should the client NOT take before bowel preparation procedure?
Red or purple dye drinks because it can stain the organ
What is important to do for someone who is on clear liquid diet?
monitor hydration level with input and output, weight, edema
KG to L
1KG of weight or 2.2LB is equal to 1 liter of fluid gained or loss
When is full liquid diet used?
transition from clear liquid after surgery or for people who have difficulty chewing, swallowing and tolerating solid food
What does full liquid diet lack?
Nutrients; use supplements if linger than 3 days
When is mechanical soft diet prescribed
When the person cannot chew but can tolerate more than liquid diet.
When person has difficulty swallowing, chewing, injury of the head and neck, dental problems.
What foods should be avoided in mechanical diet?
nuts, dry fruit and vegetables, fried foods, touch meat
When is soft diet prescribed?
Difficulty chewing, swallowing, injury of the head and neck, oral ulcer, gum ulcer, jaw issues (broke jaw) oral surgery and stroke
What temperature food should be given to clients with oral sores?
cool temperature food
Other consideration for soft diet?
if problems with chewing or swallowing due to dry mouth than suck on sour candy
provide plenty of fluid t help with the swallowing; a straw is easier
All foods are tolerated; soft, pureed, chopped is preferred
What should be avoided in soft diet?
raw fruits, vegetables and whole grain
When is low fiber food given?
Gastrointestinal problems, gastroenteritis, partial obstruction, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease
Food that are least likely to cause obstruction when the GI tract is narrowed due to inflammation
How much dairy should be given in low fiber diet?
2 servings per day
When is high fiber diet prescribed?
IBS, constipation, asymptomatic diverticular disease, any primary disease causing diarrhea or constipation
Why is high fiber diet issues?
to increase weight or bulk of stool and help take out the undigested materials
How much fiber does high fiber diet probide?
30-35 g
who is cardia cardiac for?
athescelorisis, hypertension, myocardial infraction, renal disease, hyperlipidemia, DM,
Who is fat restricted diet for?
Malabsorption problem, flatulence, steatorrhea, pancreatitis, diarrhea, GERD and gallbladder issues
Clients with malabsorption will have difficulty with what else?
absorbing fiber and lactose
What does fecal test say?
3 day test; fat in the stool o 10% or more of daily calorie intake and 6-8grams of fat states absorption issue
Who is high calorie-protein diet for?
Cancer, HIV, autoimmune, burns, under stress, wound healing, COBD, respiratory disease and other debilitating disease
do a calorie count on these people
who is carbohydrate consistent diet for?
DM, hyperglycemia, hypo, and obesity
Using the exchange system which groups food based on protein, fat and carb
client measures amount of carb intake per day and serving - carb counting
Sodium restricted diet?
What can be the disadvantage of salt substitute?
Heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, renal and liver disease
increase potassium and contraindicated in patients with renal disease
Who is protein restricted diet for?
Liver failure and renal disease
How much protein are clients with protein restriction getting?
40-60 g
Which are special low protein food?
pasta,cookies,wafers, bread and gelatin, wheat starch
carb in powder or liquid form can give energy
veg and protein also contain little protein to count them
Which food to avoid in protein restricted diet?
meat, milk, egg, bread and starch
Which patient may be prescribed fluid restriction?
fluid overload in the extracellular, hyponatremia or renal disease
Who are low potassium and high potassium diet for?
hyper and hypokalemia ( know the reasons)
Who is high calcium diet for?
For growth and development; prevent osteoporosis
Vascular contractions, vasodilation, muscle contraction and nerve transmission
What should lactose intolerant individuals be given in high calcium diet?
Non-dairy calcium sources
Who is low purine diet for?
gout, increased uric acid and kidney stones
purine is precursor for uric acid which creates stones and crystals
Who is high iron diet for?
anemic
Vitamin c food increases absorption of iron
What is vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian?
Vegan- no animal products; only plant origin; recommend soy milk and soybean curd (tofu), soy protein
Lacto-vegetarian: eat milk, cheese and dairy but no meat, fish and poultry
lacto-ovo-vegetarian- dairy and eggs
ovo-vegetarian- only egg from animal food
not prescribed but a life choice
What is considered equal to animal protein?
soy protein
What do vegetarian lack?
energy, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin B12, omega fatty 3, vitamin D, iron, protein and zinc
what food are recommended for vegeterians?
legumes, nuts, fruits, vegetables, protein soy, other soy products, meat analogs, sprout,
MYPLATE
HALF FRUITS AND VEG, PROTEIN, GRAIN AND DAIURY
what is the main function of carbohydrate?
helps with fat metabolism and is the preferred source of energy
Carb can be found in veg, fruits, milk and grains
4cal/g
What is the function of fat?
provides stored form of energy
maintains body temperature and protects the internal organs
Decrease fat intake can lead to sensitivity to cold, skin lesions, increase risk of infection and amenorrhea in women
Increase fat intake leads to cancer, obesity and heart problem
9cal/g
What are the functions of protein?
4 cal/g
Is made up of amino acids which is essential in the growth and development of body tissue
Build and repair tissues, maintains fluid and acid base balance, produces, enzymes, energy, hormones and antibodies
decrease level of protein can lead to fat wasting and muscle wasting
What are essential amino acids?
they are required in diet because the body does not produce them
Complete protein contains essential and nonessential amino acids
what are the functions of vitamins?
metabolism of fat, carb and protein
catalyst for metabolic functions
what are fat soluble vitamins
ADEK, can be stored in the body so excess can cause toxicity
what are water soluble vitamins?
B, C
are not stored in the body and can be excreted with urine
what are the functions of minerals and electrolytes
minerals are catalyst for chemical reactions
minerals are almost in every food
minerals are components of tissue, hormone, bone and cell
electrolytes play role in osmolality, acid base balance, water balance, enzyme reactions and neuromuscular activity
function of water
makes up 60-70% of body weight
What does the my plate say?
half plate should be fruit and vegetable avoid oversized portion of food water over drinks with sugar fruits and vegetable should vary half the grain should be whole grain milk should be low fat or fat free (1%) eat proteins that are leans fresh foods over frozen dairy food high in calcium
veg, fruits, grain, protein and dairy
Dietary guidelines for Americans
maintain healthy body weight
increase physical activity and decrease sedentary life
limit sat and trans fat with less than 10% of daily caloric intake from sat fat
less than 10% of daily caloric intake from added sugar
less than 2300 mg of sodium per day
low sodium and high potassium food
limit alcohol; 2 drink for men and 1 for women each day
clean, cook, separate and chill
