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Nursing 161 > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

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1
Q

Is Vitamin- C water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-Soluble

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2
Q

What is another name for Vitamin-C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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3
Q

What are sources of Vitamin-C?

A

Citrus fruits, broccoli, green pepper, strawberries, greens & melons

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4
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin-C?

A

Collagen formation, antioxidant, enhances iron absorption

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5
Q

Vitamin-C is needed for?

A

Wound healing & infection prevention

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6
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-C deficiency?

A

Scurvy, hemorrhaging, delayed wound healing

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7
Q

What are S/S of excess Vitamin-C?

A

Hot flashes, headache, nausea, diarrhea

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8
Q

Is Vitamin B complex Thiamin water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-Soluble

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9
Q

What are sources of Vitamin B complex Thiamin?

A

Pork, liver, whole & enriched grains, legumes

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10
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin B complex Thiamin?

A

Coenzyme in key reactions that produce energy from glucose

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11
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin B complex Thiamin deficiency?

A

Beriberi, mental confusion, fatigue, Ataxia from the complication of Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome (name of the neuro complication of beriberi

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12
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin B complex Thiamin excess?

A

None known

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13
Q

Is Vitamin Riboflavin water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-Soluble

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14
Q

What are the sources of Riboflavin?

A

Milk, organ meats, enriched grains, greens

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15
Q

What are the functions of Riboflavin?

A

Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

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16
Q

What are the S/S of Riboflavin deficiency?

A

Dermatitis, glossitis, photophobia

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17
Q

What are the S/S of Riboflavin excess?

A

None known

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18
Q

Is Vitamin Niacin water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble

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19
Q

What are sources of Niacin?

A

Kidney, grains, lean meat, nuts

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20
Q

What are functions of Niacin?

A

Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

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21
Q

What are S/S of Niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra, dermatitis

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22
Q

What are S/S of Niacin excess?

A

Flushing and itching, nausea, vomiting, liver damage

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23
Q

Is Vitamin B6 water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble

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24
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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25
Q

What are sources of Vitamin B6?

A

Yeast, banana, cantaloupe, broccoli, spinach

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26
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin B6?

A

Coenzyme in protein, fat, carbohydrate metabolism

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27
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Microcytic anemia, CNS problems

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28
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin B6 excess?

A

Difficulty walking, numbness of feet and hands

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29
Q

Is Folate a water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble

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30
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin Folate?

A

Green leafy vegetables, liver

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31
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin Folate?

A

RNA/DNA synthesis, formation & maturation of RBC

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32
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin Folate deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anemia: fatigue, weakness, pallor, neural tube defects (most common spina bifida in new borns)

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33
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin Folate excess?

A

None known

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34
Q

Is Vitamin B12 water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble

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35
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B12?

A

Cyanocobalamin

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36
Q

What are sources of Vitamin B12?

A

Animal products: organ meats, seafood

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37
Q

What are functions of Vitamin B12?

A

Coenzyme in protein metabolism and formation of heme portion of hemoglobin

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38
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency r/t impaired absorption due to lack of intrinsic factor)

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39
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin B12 excess?

A

None known

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40
Q

Is Pantothenic acid water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble

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41
Q

What are the sources of Pantothenic acid?

A

Widespread in foods; meat, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals

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42
Q

What are the functions of Pantothenic acid?

A

Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

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43
Q

What are the S/S of Pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

None known

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44
Q

What are the S/S of Pantothenic acid excess?

A

None known

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45
Q

Is Biotin water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Water-soluble

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46
Q

What are sources of Biotin?

A

Liver, egg yolk

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47
Q

What are the functions of Biotin?

A

Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

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48
Q

What are the S/S of Biotin deficiency?

A

Rare, dry skin, anorexia, fatigue

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49
Q

What are the S/S of Biotin excess?

A

None known

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50
Q

Is Vitamin A fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

Fat-soluble

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51
Q

What are sources of Vitamin-A?

A

Liver, carrots, egg yolk, fortified milk, squash

52
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin-A?

A

Visual acuity in dim light, formation & maintenance of skin and mucous membranes; immune function

53
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, rough skin, bone growth ceases

54
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-A excess?

A

Anorexia, loss of hair, dry-skin, bone pain, vomiting, birth defects during pregnancy

55
Q

Is Vitamin-D fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

Fat-soluble

56
Q

What are sources of Vitamin-D?

A

Sunlight (UV light), fortified milk, fish liver oils

57
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin-D?

A

Calcium & Phosphorus metabolism, stimulates calcium absorption

58
Q

People covered in clothing due to culture or in the dark for more than 6 months a year may have Vitamin-D deficiency. Is this True or False?

A

True

59
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-D deficiency?

A

Retarded bone growth, bone malformation

60
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-D excess?

A

Excessive calcification of bones, renal calculi, Nausea, Headache

61
Q

Is Vitamin-E a water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Fat-Soluble

62
Q

What are sources of Vitamin-E?

A

Vegetable oils, wheat germ, whole grain products

63
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin-E?

A

Antioxidant, protects Vitamin-A, heme synthesis

64
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin-E deficiency?

A

Increased RBC hemolysis and microcytic anemia in premature infants

65
Q

What are the S/S of Vitamin-E excess?

A

Relatively nontoxic, although large doses can cause fatigue, diarrhea, and enhance action of anticoagulant medications

66
Q

Is Vitamin-K a fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

Fat-soluble

67
Q

What are sources of Vitamin-K?

A

Dark, green leafy vegetables; synthesized in intestines from gut bacteria

68
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin-K?

A

Synthesis of certain proteins necessary for blood clotting

69
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-K deficiency?

A

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn, delayed blood clotting

70
Q

What are S/S of Vitamin-K excess?

A

Hemolytic anemia and liver damage with synthetic Vitamin-K

71
Q

Your intestines have flora that produce Vit-K, antibiotics destroy flora, this can lead to Vit-K deficiency. Is this True or False?

A

True

72
Q

Newborns are born with sterile bowels so they can bleed that is why at birth they get a shot of Vit-K. Is this False or True?

A

True

73
Q

What is the antidote to Vit-K?

A

Coumadin

74
Q

What are ketones?

A

Chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood, the body breaks down body fat for energy

75
Q

If ketones is present in your urine, what does this mean?

A

Sign that your body is using fat for energy instead of using glucose because not enough insulin is available to use glucose for energy

76
Q

Ketones in urine indicates starvation on a cellular level. Is this True or False?

A

True

77
Q

In the absence of carbohydrates what does the body use to make glucose?

A

Fat & Protein

78
Q

What is the end product of metabolism?

A

Ketones

79
Q

Ketones can lead to Alkalosis or Acidosis?

A

Acidosis

80
Q

What is the normal level of Ketones in the urine?

A

Zero

81
Q

What is the breakdown of proteins (muscles) in the body? Does this create a - or + nitrogen balance?

A

Catabolism, negative balance

82
Q

What is the buildup of proteins (muscles) in the body? Does this create a - or + nitrogen balance?

A

Anabolism, positive balance

83
Q

What is the antidote for Coumadin?

A

Aquamephyton (vit-k)

84
Q

What food sources can you teach a patient on Coumadin to avoid?

A

Green leafy vegetables

85
Q

What is the disease of Vitamin-D deficiency?

A

Rickets

86
Q

Vitamin D is only a Vitamin. Is this True or False?

A

False, its also a hormone

87
Q

Large amount of Vitamin-D is produced in the body. Is this True or False?

A

False, small amounts is produced, you will need to ingest more.

88
Q

What is needed to activate Vitamin-D?

A

Sunlight

89
Q

What are S/S of rickets related to bones?

A

bowed legs, poor dentition

90
Q

What type of people do not consume dairy products that are fortified with Vitamin-D?

A

Muslims, Vegetarians

91
Q

Vegan Diet/Total vegetarian

A

Only plant based foods, excludes all animal products

92
Q

Lacto-ovo vegetarian Diet

A

Milk & Eggs

93
Q

Lacto-vegetarian

A

Milk products

94
Q

Ovo-vegetarian

A

Eggs

95
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

Contain sufficient amounts and proportions of all the essential amino acids to support growth

96
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A

Deficient in one or more essential amino acids

97
Q

What are examples of incomplete proteins?

A

plant proteins (grains, legumes, vegetables)

98
Q

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and are obtained from diet are classified as ESSENTIAL. Is this True or False?

A

True

99
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

100
Q

What are examples of complete proteins?

A

animal proteins (eggs, dairy products, meats)

101
Q

What is the only plant protein that is considered a complete protein?

A

SOY

102
Q

Animal protein or plant protein + small amount of animal protein =

A

Complete Protein

103
Q

Tissues that are continuously being broken down are known as

A

Catabolism

104
Q

Tissues that are continuously being replaced are known as

A

Anabolism

105
Q

Complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together so as long as the day’s meal supply all of them. TRUE or FALSE?

A

True

106
Q

What are examples of complementary vegetable proteins?

A

corn tortilla with refried beans and lentil rice soup.

107
Q

What are Complementary proteins that use a small amount of animal protein?

A

Cereal with milk, rice pudding and cheese sandwich

108
Q

Fiber is considered under a group name of?

A

Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human enzymes

109
Q

Examples of polysaccharides include?

A

cellulose, pectin, gums, fructans, lignin

110
Q

Fiber is referred to as?

A

roughage

111
Q

Where is fiber found?

A

in plants as a component of plant cell walls or intercellular structure

112
Q

Carbohydrates are comprised of?

A

the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen arranged into basic sugar molecules

113
Q

Carbohydrates are classified as?

A

simple sugars or complex carbohydrates

114
Q

Simple sugars contain one (mono) or two (di-) sugar (saccharide) molecules. Is this statement False or True?

A

True

115
Q

What are your Monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

116
Q

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose are absorbed in digestion. Is this True or False?

A

False, it is absorbed “as is” without undergoing digestion

117
Q

What are you Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar), maltose, and lactose

118
Q

How are Disaccharides absorbed?

A

Must be split into their component monosaccharides before they can be absorbed

119
Q

What is the simple sugar of greatest distinction

A

Glucose known as dextrose

120
Q

Complex carbohydrates are also known as?

A

Polysaccharides, composed of hundreds to 1000s of glucose molecules linked together

121
Q

What are some types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, and fiber

122
Q

Does polysaccharides taste sweet? If No, why not?

A

No, because their molecules are too large to fit on the tongue’s taste bud receptors that sense sweetness

123
Q

How much water accounts for adult’s total weight?

A

50-60%

124
Q

How much water should the average adult consume daily?

A

2200-3000 ml/day

125
Q

Who is at risk for water deficiency?

A

Older people and comatose states or patients with altered renal function, profuse perspiration, diarrhea, vomiting, fistulas, drainage tubes, hemorrhage, severe burns

126
Q

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol

A

The major class of atherogenic lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from the liver to the tissues. (BAD) want it low

127
Q

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol

A

Cruises the blood stream taking the bad cholesterol. (GOOD) >60 reducing heart disease.

Nursing 161 (6 decks)

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