nutrient cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

step 1 of the phosphorus cycle

A

phosphorus in rocks is released into the soil to form phosphate ions by weathering

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2
Q

step 2 of the phosphorus cycle

A

phosphate ions are taken up from the soil by plants or absorbed by algae in the water by absorption

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3
Q

step 3 of the phosphorus cycle

A

phosphate ions are transferred to consumers by feeding up the food chain

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4
Q

step 4 of the phosphorus cycle

A

phosphate ions in waste products and dead organisms are released into the soil during decomposition by saprobionts

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5
Q

step 5 of the phosphorus cycle

A

phosphate ions are taken up and trapped in sediments

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6
Q

what is the main reservoir of phosphorus

A

rocks, in the form of phosphate ions

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7
Q

what is mycorrhizae

A

fungi which allows for a symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant root systems of most plants making the plants drought - resistant

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8
Q

what is hyphae

A

long filaments which make up fungi which increase the surface area, increasing the absorption of water and mineral ions

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9
Q

use of phosphorus

A

nucleic acids, ATP + phospholipids. in the form of phosphate ions

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10
Q

what are natural fertilisers

A

organic matter e.g. manure and compost

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11
Q

what are artificial fertilisers

A

inorganic matter e.g. chemicals

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12
Q

pros and cons of fertilisers

A

+ increases yield of plants
- eutrophication

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13
Q

pros and cons of natural fertilisers

A

+ less likely to burn the plants
+ improves soil quality
+ cheaper
-takes longer for results
- cant control nutrients it contains

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14
Q

pros and cons of artificial fertilisers

A

+ faster results
+ control of the nutrients provided
- can burn the plants
- stricter application method
-expensive

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15
Q

what do all fertilisers contain

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK fertilisers)

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16
Q

how does eutrophication occur

A

when nitrates are leached into lakes and rivers

17
Q

what is leaching

A

when water soluble compounds are washed away into rivers or ponds

18
Q

step 1 of eutrophication

A

mineral ions are leached from fertilised fields stimulation growth of algae in ponds and rivers

19
Q

step 2 of eutrophication

A

excessive growth of algae forms an algal bloom, blocking light

20
Q

step 3 of eutrophication

A

this means plants cant photosynthesis so die

21
Q

step 4 of eutrophication

A

bacteria will feed on the dead matter. the increased number of bacteria reduced conc of oxygen by respiring

22
Q

step 5 of eutrophication

A

aquatic organisms will die due to the lack of dissolved oxygen

23
Q

how are nutrients lost from the soil

A

crops take in minerals from the soil, when they are harvested the minerals are not returned to the soil in a nutrient cycle.

24
Q

what is the use of fertilisers

A

replace lost minerals increasing the efficiency of energy transfers

25
Q

importance of the nitrogen cycle

A

recycles nitrogen for proteins, DNA and RNA

26
Q

what is the main reservoir of nitrogen

A

the atmosphere - 78% nitrogen gas

27
Q
A
28
Q
A
29
Q

what does the nitrogen cycle do

A

turns nitrogen gas into different forms organisms can use

30
Q

what are the 4 steps of the nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation
ammonification
nitrification
denitrification

31
Q

what is nitrogen fixation

A

converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen containing compounds

32
Q

what occurs during nitrogen fixation

A

mutualistic bacteria in the root nodules of legumes fix N2 into NH3
nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil fix N2 into ammonia and used to make amino acids

33
Q

what is ammonification

A

converting nitrogen - containing compounds into ammonia or ammonium

34
Q

what occurs during ammonification

A

1.death and excretion of organisms release urea and proteins (which contain nitrogen)
2.saprobionts decompose them into NH4+
3. NH4+ is absorbed and assimilated by plants

35
Q

what is nitrification

A

NH3 and NH4+ are oxidised into nitrites then nitrates

36
Q

what occurs during nitrification

A

nitrifying bacteria oxidise NH3 and NH4+ into NO2-
NO2- is further oxidised into NO3-

37
Q

what is denitrification

A

converting NH3 back into N2

38
Q

what occurs during denitrification

A

NH3 is converted into N2 by denitrifying bacteria which are anaerobic.

39
Q

when does denitrification occur

A

in anaerobic conditions, when the soil is water logged where there is not enough oxygen in the oil as it has been displaced by water