NUTR 525 Nutrition Policy Flashcards
Explain how food security is measured in the US
Single item indicators: The food sufficiency question (NFCS, CSFII); NHANES III
Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project (CCHIP) hunger index [conducted surveys of low-income families with children <12; 8 questions to classify households and children as hungry, at risk of hunger, not hungry]
Radimer/cornell measures of hunger and food insecurity
US household food security scale [current population survey, conducted by USDA, per year in Dec. since 1995, use questionnaire – Food Security Core Module]
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Panel Study of income Dynamics
Survey of Program Dynamics
Discuss the prevalence of food security in US households
$ According to USDA report, 85.5% of US household are food secure. 14.5% are at least some time of the year experiencing food insecure, with 5.4% with very low food security.
Discuss the causes of hunger and who are the hungry in the US
Causes of Hungry: Poverty; High housing costs; Unemployment; Medical or health costs/ Mental health problems; Utility costs; Lack of education; Transportation costs; Substance abuse.
Who are hungry in US: the poor; the working poor; the young; low-income men and women; ethnic minorities; the elderly; inner city and rural dwellers; certain southern and western states; many farmers; the homeless
Explain “poverty level”
Poverty threshold
Poverty guidelines: simplification of poverty threshold-for use of administrative purposes
Household size of 4= $22350
Be able to describe the major food and nutrition programs, (Who qualifies, the services provided and the nutrition standards used).
$ SNAP or Food Stamp Program $ National School Lunch Program $ School Breakfast Program $ Special Milk Program $ Summer Food Service Program $ Child and Adult Care Food Program $ Head Start $ WIC $ Commodity Supplemental Food Program $ TEFAP $ Elderly Nutrition Programs $ EFNEP
$ Differentiate between passive surveillance (NNDSS) and active surveillance (FoodNet)
$ National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System NNDSS
$ Clinicians report to health departments, and health departments report to CDC the incidence of selected illnesses
$ The incidences are published in MMWR and summarized at the end of the year
$ Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet)
CDC collects weekly/monthly data from clinical labs and physicians
Catchment area
10 states (Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, Tennessee, California, Colorado, New York)
~ 38 million individuals or 15% of US population
$ Explain PulseNet
$ Is the National Molecular Subtyping Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance
$ It is a network of laboratories in state health departments, CDC and food regulatory agencies linked by the Internet
$ In this network, the genetic DNA fingerprints of specific pathogens can be identified by a technique called “pulsed-field gel electrophoresis” (PFGE) and shared electronically
$ This facilitates the ability to detect, investigate, and control geographically distant, yet related outbreaks
$ The network encompasses all 50 states and is linked to Canada, Europe, Asia-pacific, Latin America
$ Know the foodborne illnesses resulting the most hospitalizations and deaths
Hospitalizations (% of cases)
Listeriosis 88% (high mortality)
E. coli 0157:H7 36% (hemolytic uremic syndrome)
Salmonellosis 21%
Deaths
75% due to salmonella, listeria and toxoplasma
$ Define biotechnology and know the types of genetically modified (GM) crops grown commercially
$ Biotechnology is any technique that uses living organisms to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.
$ Historical
$ Production of cheese, yogurt, bread, wine
$ Traditional plant breeding
$ Cross-breeding of plants and animals
$ Modern
$ The use of molecular biology techniques (genetic engineering) to modify the genetic material to produce new substances or perform new functions.
$ The use of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to transfer genes
Crops
Corn
Soybean
Cotton
Canola (Brassica napus)
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
$ Discuss use of Bt gene, herbicide tolerance and virus resistance
$ The Bt gene of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces a protein (Cry) that poisons certain pests but is harmless to animals/human $ Bt gene is inserted into the seeds of corn, cotton, potatoes $ Protects from European corn borer $ Resistance gene from a virus $ Crops $ Papaya $ Squash $ Potato
$ Discuss problems associated with growing and consuming GM foods
$ Genetic engineering creates novel genetic combinations and the potential exists for
$ Toxin production, toxicity
$ ↑ levels of naturally occurring toxins
$ Appearance of new, not previously identified toxins
$ ↑ tendency to concentrate toxins from the environment
$ Creation of allergens
$ Incorporating a Brazil nut gene into soybeans was developed but not marketed because of possible allergenicity
$ Changes in nutritional content
$ Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria increase in antibiotic resistance
$ Other unknown effects
Overweight Pregnant teen… what nutritional assessment do you need to do
a
Overweight asian man with pre-diabetes… what assessments do you have to do
A
stages of change
A
Discuss and provide a rationale for 3 anthropometric measures, 3 biochemical tests, 1 clinical measure, 2 diet measurement techniques for different scenarios
A
