NUTR 3210

Question 1

Iron, folate, vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 1

Anemia

Question 2

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 2

rickets, defective bone growth

Question 3

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Answer 3

beriberi, energy production, abnormalities in nervous sytem

Question 4

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 4

scurvy, iron absorption, haemorrhaging

Question 5

Cl- metabloite

Answer 5

electrolyte

Question 6

I-

Answer 6

thyroid homrones

Question 7

Fl-

Answer 7

dentine

Question 8

Br-

Answer 8

ECM

Question 9

estimated average requirement

Answer 9

connentration of nutrient to satisfy 50% of the population

Question 10

recommended dietary allowance

Answer 10

concentration of nutirent required to satisfy the needs of the 97.5% of the population

Question 11

hypoatremia

Answer 11

metabloic condition in whcih there is not enough sodium in extracellular fluid

Question 12

proximate analysis - moisture

Answer 12

weight food sample then dry at 105 degrees or freeze dry,
% dry matter = dry/wet x100

errors: over estimates moisture, drying method removes volatile compounds

Question 13

proximate analysis - crude fat

Answer 13

extract with ether, analyze with gas chromotography
% crude fat= weight of fat/ wet or dry weight x100%

errors: poor extraction of P.L unwanted extraction of cholophyl, carotenoids and waxes

Question 14

proximate analysis - mineral content

Answer 14

ignite residue,
% ash = weight of ash/ wet or dry weight
errors: loss of volatile minerals (iron, copper, zinc), no info about individual minerals

Question 15

proximate analysis- crude protien

Answer 15

kjeldal analysis 1. digestion by sulferic acid into N and amonia 2. distilliation - separating the amonia 3. tiration - quantify the amonia with standard

% crude protein = N in smaple x conversion factor/ wet or dry weight x100%

100% protein/ % N = conversion factor

Question 16

rproximate analysis- crude fibre

Answer 16

1. extract with ether, boil in acid 2. boil in alaki (small intestine) 3. ignite ash + crude fibre 4. get crude fibre by subtracting amoutn of ash

% crude fiber= (wt of ash + crude fiber) - wt of ash / dry or wet sample x100%

errors: over estimates fiber -> loss of soluble fiber, dosen’t give fermentation potenital

Question 17

crude fiber vs. dietary fiber

Answer 17

crude - lignin and cellulose

dietary - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, lignin

Question 18

proximate analysis - nitrogen free extract

Answer 18

% NFE = 100% - (%moisture- %crude fat -%ash - %crude protein - %crude fibre)

errors: accumulates errors, deosn’t differentiate between sugars

Question 19

van soest method

Answer 19

alternative to NFE, agriculture use, can differentaite between cellulose hemi- and lignin

Question 20

southgate method

Answer 20

more for human use, provides quantification of sugars, starch, fiber (total)

Question 21

total collection method

Answer 21

adapt to diet for 7-21 days, measure intake for 3-10 days, measure and wight feces and analyze for nutrient

apparent digestibility coefficiet = totoal intake- total feces/ total intake

limitations: accuracy, labour intensive, costly not ideal for wild animals

Question 22

indicator method

Answer 22

requires a marker internal and external

apparent digestbility coefficient = (nutirent/marker in feed) - (nutrietn/ marker in feces) / nutirent / marker in feed

advantages: less labour intensive, small sample, wild animals

Question 23

true digesability

Answer 23

swtich to a 0 nutreitn diet, analyze until previous diet is cleared

true digestibility coeffecient = (nutrient/marker in feed) - (nutirent/feces - nutrient/feces after 0 nutirent diet) / (nutrient/marker in feed

Question 24

gross energy, digesable energy, metablizable energy, net energy

Answer 24

gross energy: max amount, heat of combustion

digestiable energy: gross energy x apparent digestibility
fat - 95%, protein 92%, CHO 97%

metabloic energy: GE x apparent digestability, (same as DE), protein 1.25 kcal/g loss in urine

net energy: ME- heat increment of food

Question 25

basal metabloic

Answer 25

kcal/24 hours, realtes to lean mass (bone, muscle, organs)

BMR = A x M^0.75

A- metabolically active tissue
M- body weight in kg

Question 26

physical activity energy expenditure

Answer 26

seditary 1.2
mad 1.55
extra active 1.9

Question 27

measuring totoal energy expenditure - indirect

Answer 27

measure O2, CO2, urinary N loss

RQ= Co2 produced/ O2 used

need to measure protein component

carb RQ= 1
fat RQ= 0.8
proetin RQ= 0.82

Question 28

fisher projection to haworth

Answer 28

left up, right down

Question 29

3 forms of glucose

Answer 29

linear, alpha (1/3, beta (2/3)

Question 30

sucrose

Answer 30

glucose alpha 1- 2 beta fructose

non reducing

Question 31

lactose

Answer 31

galatose b1-4 glucose (alpha or beta)

reducing

Question 32

maltose

Answer 32

glucose alpha 1-4 glucose (alpha or beta)

reducing

Question 33

cellulose

Answer 33

dietary and functional
beta 1,4 glucose units
poorly fermented by bacteria
bran legumes, nute, peas

Question 34

hemi cellulose

Answer 34

alpha or beta pentoses and hexoses
solubility depends on sugar comp
bran, whole grains

Question 35

pectin

Answer 35

dietary and functionality
backbone of unbranched alpha-1,4 F galaturonic acid
hihgly fermented
rich in fruits

Question 36

fully resistant starch

Answer 36

non digested by humans, resistant to amylase activity

Question 37

brush boarder enzymes

Answer 37

sucrase (invertase), isomaltase (alpha-dexinase), lactase, maltase

Question 38

absoprtion of fructose and glucose

Answer 38

fructose- GLUT5, GLUT2, easy to move through blood since very low conentration

glucose and galatose- SGLT1-GLUT2, harder to move glucose due to 6mM concentration, early in S.I some glucose by facilitated diffusion