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Nursing Theory > Nursing Today Ch1 > Flashcards

Nursing Today Ch1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the socialization process of nursing, utilizing the Benner model

A

○ Socialization to professional nursing is the process of acquiring the knowledge, skills, and sense of identity that are characteristic of the profession. It is a process by which a student internalizes the attitudes, beliefs, norms, values, and standards of the profession into his or her own behavior pattern.

○ Nursing has a specific body of knowledge; however, it is essential that you socialize within the profession and practice to fullyunderstand and apply this knowledge and develop professional expertise. Clinical expertise takes time and commitment.

○ According to Benner an expert nurse passes through five levels of proficiency when acquiring and developing generalist or specialized nursing skills

Stage I: Novice
Stage II: Advanced Beginner
Stage III: Competent 
Stage IV: Proficient
Stage V: Expert
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2
Q

What is nursing?

A

Nursing is a Science and an art

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3
Q

How is nursing a Science?

A

○ It is based on data obtained from current research

○ Current knowledge and practice standards

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4
Q

How is nursing an Art?

A

○ Stems from a nurses experience and the unique caring relationship that a nurse develops with a patient

○ Insightful and compassionate approach to patient care

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5
Q

What are the 5 stages of Benner’s Model?

A

Stage I: Novice
Stage II: Advanced Beginner
Stage III: Competent
Stage IV: Proficient

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6
Q

What is Stage I of Benner’s Model?

A

Novice

○ Beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in which there is no previous level of experience

Ex] an experienced operating room nurse chooses to now practice in home health.

○ The learner learns via a specific set of rules or procedures, which are usually stepwise and linear.

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7
Q

What is stage II of Benner’s Model?

A

• Stage II: Advanced beginner

○ A nurse who has had some level of experience with the situation.

○ This experience may only be observational in nature, but the nurse is able to identify meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care

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8
Q

What is stage III of Benner’s Model?

A

• Stage III: Competent

○ A nurse who has been in the same clinical position for 2 to 3 years.

○ This nurse understands the organization and specific care required by the type of patients (e.g., surgical, oncology, or orthopedic patients).

○ He or she is a competent practitioner who is able to anticipate nursing care and establish long-range goals.

○ In this phase the nurse has usually had experience with all types of psychomotor skills required by this specific group of patients.

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9
Q

What is stage IV of Benner’s model?

A

Stage IV: Proficient

○ A nurse with MORE than 2 to 3 years of experience in the same clinical position.

○ This nurse perceives a patient’s clinical situation as a whole, is able to assess an entire situation, and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation.

○ This nurse focuses on managing care as opposed to managing and performing skills.

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10
Q

What is stage V of Benner’s Model?

A

• Stage V: Expert

○ A nurse with diverse experience who has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem.

○ This nurse is able to zero in on the problem and focus on multiple dimensions of the situation.

○ He or she is skilled at identifying both patient-centered problems and problems related to the health care system or perhaps the needs of the novice nurse.

○ Expect what is coming

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11
Q

What do Nurses Do?

A
  1. Respond to the health care needs of society
    • by taking care of clients in the hospitals (bedside)
    • by working outside hospitals
      * Community health nurses
      * Research nurses
  2. Influence social policy and political arenas
    • Nurses and their professional organizations lobby for health care legislation to meet the needs of patients, especially the medically underserved
  3. Respond and adapt to changes in health care
    • Things nurses learned 50 years ago isn’t necessary what they are learning today because procedures change over time
    • patients are living longer
    • nurses are dealing with different viruses than they did back then
  4. Critically think
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12
Q

What is the American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of Nursing?

A

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations

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13
Q

What is the International Council of Nurses definition of Nursing?

A

Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health; prevention of illness; and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles

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14
Q

What is Florence Nightingale definition of nursing?

A

○ The act of utilizing the environment to the patient to assist him in his recovery

” charge of somebody’s health” based on the knowledge of “how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease”

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15
Q

what is Virginia Hendersons definition of nursing?

A

The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible

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16
Q

Identify the themes in the definitions of nursing

A

common themes in the definitions are:

  • assist the patient
  • advocate
  • prevention of illness and injury
  • safe environment
  • take care of patients, families, communities
  • health promotion

HOLISTIC CARE is the big picture
** taking care of everything; body, mind, spirit **

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17
Q

Why is the scope and standards of practice important?

A

The scope and standards of practice guide nurses to make significant and visible contributions that improve the health and well-being of all individuals, communities, and populations

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18
Q

Who defined the scope of nursing and developed the standards of practice?

A

The American Nurses Association (ANA)

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19
Q

What are the ANA standards of nursing practice?

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Outcome Identification
  4. Planning
  5. Implementation
  6. Evaluation
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20
Q

What is assessment?

A

the registered nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patients health and/or the situation

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21
Q

What is Diagnosis?

A

The RN analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or issues

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22
Q

What is Outcome Identification?

A

The RN identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the patient or the situation
** Goals we set for the Patient**

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23
Q

What is planning?

A

The RN develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes

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24
Q

What is Implementation?

A

The RN implements the identified plan

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25
Q

What is evaluation?

A

The RN evaluates progress toward attainment of outcomes

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26
Q

What are ANA Standards of Professional Performance

A
  1. Ethics
  2. Education
  3. Evidence-Based Practice and Research
  4. Quality of Practice
  5. Communication
  6. Leadership
  7. Collaboration
  8. Professional Practice Evaluation
  9. Resources
  10. Environmental Health
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27
Q

What is the purpose of the Standards for nursing practice (Nursing Process)?

A
  • Six standards of practice: this describes a competent level of nursing care and ensures that we are knowledgably, we are safe, we have comprehensive nursing care and demonstrates critical thinking
  • Nursing process is a guideline for nursing practice enabling nurses to implement their roles
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28
Q

What is the Nurse Practice Act and what is the purpose of it?

A
  • Nurse practice acts regulate the practice of nursing including education and licensure
  • All states and territories legislated a nurse practice act (NPA) which establishes a board of nursing (BON) with the authority to develop administrative rules or regulations to clarify or make the law more specific. Rules and regulations must be consistent with the NPA and cannot go beyond it.
  • Vary from state to state
  • protect public health, safety, and welfare from unqualified and unsafe nurses
  • what you can and cannot do as a nurse
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29
Q

What does ETHICS mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse practices ethically

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30
Q

What does EDUCATION mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse attains knowledge and competency that reflects current nursing practice

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31
Q

What does EBP and Research mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse integrates evidence and research findings into practice.

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32
Q

What does QUALITY OF PRACTICE mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse contributes to quality nursing practice

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33
Q

What does COMMUNICATION mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse communicates effectively in all areas of practice.

ex] communicate with patients, family, doctors, and sharing information with colleagues

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34
Q

What does LEADERSHIP mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse demonstrates leadership in the professional practice setting and the profession

ex] advocate for the patient

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35
Q

What does COLLABORATION mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse collaborates with health care consumer, family, and others in the conduct of nursing practice.

36
Q

What does PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE EVALUATION mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse evaluates her or his own nursing practice in relation to professional practice standards and guidelines, relevant statutes, rules, and regulations.

37
Q

What does RESOURCES mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse uses appropriate resources to plan and provide nursing services that are safe, effective, and financially responsible.

38
Q

What does ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH mean when it pertains to the Standards of Professional Performance?

A

The registered nurse practices in an environmentally safe and healthy manner.

39
Q

What does code of ethics mean?

A

-the philosophical ideals of right and wrong that define the principles you will use to provide care to your patients.

○ It is important because it defines the principles of right and wrong for providing patient care

40
Q

What is the nurses Scope of practice?

A

• Scope of practice describes the services that a qualified health professional is deemed competent to perform, and permitted to undertake – in keeping with the terms of their professional license.

41
Q

What are the responsibilities of a nurse?

A
  • You are responsible for obtaining and maintaining specific knowledge and skills for a variety of roles and responsibilities
  • Nurses provide care and comfort for patients in all health care settings
42
Q

What are the professional ROLES of a nurse?

A
  1. Autonomy and Accountability
  2. Caregiver
  3. Advocate
  4. Educator
  5. Communicator
  6. Manager
43
Q

What does Autonomy mean?

A
  • is an essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders.
44
Q

What does being a Caregiver mean?

A

○ you help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level of function and independence through the healing process

○ Provide healing through psychomotor and interpersonal skills

○ Healing involves more than achieving improved physical well being

○ You need to meet all health care needs of a patient which include restoring the patients emotional, spiritual and social well being

○ Help the family and patients set realistic goals and meet them

45
Q

What does Advocating for a patient mean?

A

○ you protect your patients human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights if needed

○ As an advocate you act on behalf of your patient and secure your patient’s health care rights

○ you provide additional information to help a patient decide whether or not to accept a treatment, or you find an interpreter to help family members communicate their concerns.

46
Q

What does the role of Educator mean?

A

○ As an educator you explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient’s progress in learning.

○ Always use teaching methods that match your patient’s capabilities and needs and incorporate other resources such as the family in teaching plans

47
Q

What does the role of Communicator mean?

A

○ Your effectiveness as a communicator is central to the nurse-patient relationship.

○ Communication is essential for all nursing roles and activities.

○ Quality communication is a critical factor in meeting the needs of individuals, families, and communities

48
Q

What does the role of Manager mean?

A

○ Nurse managers need to establish an environment for collaborative patient-centered care to provide safe, quality care with positive patient outcomes.

○ A manager coordinates the activities of members of the nursing staff in delivering nursing care and has personnel, policy, and budgetary responsibility for a specific nursing unit or agency.

○ A manager uses appropriate leadership styles to create a nursing environment for patients and staff that reflects the mission and values of the health care organization

49
Q

Nursing is defined as a profession because of what criteria?

A
  1. Body of Knowledge
  2. Service Orientation
  3. Recognized Authority & Specialized Education
  4. Code of Ethics
  5. Professional Organization
  6. Ongoing Research
  7. Autonomy
50
Q

What is a Clinical Nurse Specialist?

A
  • Is an expert clinician in a specialized area of practice

-The specialty may be identified by a population (geriatrics)
□ A setting (critical care)
□ A disease specialty (diabetes)
□ A type of care (rehabilitation)
□ Or a type of problem (pain)

-Practice settings include:
	○ Community
	○ Acute care
	○ Restorative 
	○ Palliative
51
Q

What is a Certified Nurse Practitioner?

A
  • Provides health care to a group of patients, usually in an outpatient, ambulatory care, or community based setting
  • Provide care for patients with complex problems and a more holistic approach than physicians

Provides comprehensive care, directly managing the nursing and medical care of patients who are health or who have chronic conditions

52
Q

What is a Certified Nurse Midwife?

A
  • Is educated in midwifery and is certified by the American College of Nurse Midwives
  • Practice involves providing independent care for women during normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery and care for the newborn
  • It includes some gynecological services such as routing Pap smears, family planning, and treatment for minor vaginal infections
53
Q

What is a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist?

A
  • Advanced education from a nurse anesthetist accredited program
  • Before applying to a nurse anesthesia program, a nurse must have at least 1 year of critical care or emergency experience
  • Nurse anesthetists provide surgical anesthesia under the guidance and supervision of an anesthesiologist who is a physician with advanced knowledge of surgical anesthesia.
54
Q

What is a Nurse Educator?

A

works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies and patient education departments.

55
Q

What is a Nurse Administrator>

A

manages patient care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency

56
Q

What is a Nurse Researcher?

A

conducts evidence based practice and research to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice

57
Q

Who is Florence Nightingale?

A
  • First practicing epidemiologist
  • Established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
  • Organized first school of nursing
  • Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals
  • Practices remain a basic part of nursing today
  • She saw the role of nursing having “charge of somebody’s health” based on knowledge of “how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease”

-Lady with the lamp

58
Q

Who is Clara Barton?

A

Founder of Red Cross

59
Q

Who is Mother Bickerdyke?

A

Organized Ambulance services

60
Q

Who is Harriet Tubman?

A

Underground railroad movement

61
Q

Who is Mary Mahoney?

A

First professional trained African American Nurse

62
Q

Who is Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster?

A

They helped introduce Public Health Nursing

63
Q

When was the Army and Navy nurse corps established?

A

1901 & 1908

64
Q

Who is Mary Adelaide Nutting?

A

First nursing professor at Columbia Teacher’s College in 1906

65
Q

Discuss the Influence of social changes to nursing practices

A
  • consumers of health care are now more informed because of resource access (Internet), media, and publications
  • w/ internet consumers have access to more healthcare and treatment information; this information affects the public’s perception of nursing
  • some publications describe strategies yo reduce preventable medical errors
66
Q

Discuss the influence of political changes on nursing practices

A

Nurses can influence policy decisions at all governmental levels. One way is to get involved by participating in local and national efforts. This effort is critical in exerting nurses’ influence early in the political process. Legislation is not beyond the nurse’s control. National program can have bearing on state politics.

67
Q

Influence of economical changes to nursing practices

A

Uninsured, new technologies, new medications; mainly trying to reduce health care cost while maintaining quality patient care

68
Q

Factors influencing Contemporary nursing Practice:

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A
  • Affects how health care is paid for and delivered
  • ACA impacts how and where nursing care is provided
  • More nursing services will be in community based care settings
  • Rising health care costs
69
Q

Factors influencing Contemporary nursing Practice:

Demographic Changes

A
  • The population is still shifting from rural areas to urban centers and more people are living with chronic and long term illness
  • Patients are living longer
  • People are moving
70
Q

Factors influencing Contemporary nursing Practice:

Medically Underserved

A
  • Unemployment, underemployment and low-paying jobs, mental illness, homelessness, and rising health care costs all contribute to increases in the medically underserved population.
  • caring for this population is a global issue; the social, political, and economic factors of a country affect both access to care and resources to provide and pay for these services
71
Q

Factors influencing Contemporary nursing Practice:

Importance of Nurses Self-Care

A

You cannot give fully engaged, compassionate care to others when you feel depleted or do not feel cared for yourself

72
Q

What is Burnout?

A

○ is the condition that occurs when perceived demands outweigh perceived resources

  • It is the state of physical and mental exhaustion that often affects health care providers
  • Over time, giving of oneself in often intense caring environments sometimes results in emotional exhaustion, leaving a nurse feeling irritable, restless, and unable to focus and engage with patients
73
Q

What is Compassion fatigue?

A

○ Compassion fatigue describes a state of burnout and secondary traumatic stress

○ Occurs without warning and often results from giving high levels of energy and compassion over a prolonged period to those who are suffering often without experiencing improved patient outcomes

-Secondary traumatic stress is the trauma that health care providers experience when witnessing and caring for others suffering trauma

74
Q

Discuss the different trends in nursing: Evidence-based Practice

A

○ It is the reason why we do the things that we do as a nurse

-Your practice needs to be based on current evidence, not just according to your education and experiences and the policies and procedures of health care facilities

75
Q

Discuss the different trends in nursing: Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

A

○ QSEN addresses the challenge to prepare nurses with the competencies needed to continuously improve the quality of care in their work environments

76
Q

What does QSEN initiative encompass?

A

The competencies of:

  1. patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration
  2. evidence-based practice
  3. quality improvement
  4. safety
  5. informatics
77
Q

Discuss the different trends in nursing: Impact of emerging technologies

A

○ Technology is always changing

○ Everything is moving toward computers

  • Many emerging technologies have the potential to rapidly change nursing practice. Some of these help nurses use noninvasive, more accurate assessment tools; implement evidence-based practices; collect and trend patient outcome data; and use clinical decision support system
78
Q

Discuss the different trends in nursing: Genomics

A

○ is a newer term that describes the study of all the genes in a person and interactions of these genes with one another and with that person’s environment

○ Being able to predict what a patient can develop based off of their genes and where they live or work

79
Q

Discuss the different trends in nursing: Public perception of nursing

A

being able to go to google/yelp to find out information about a doctor or hospital and base their decision wither to that hospital off of the reviews they see online of nurses and doctors

80
Q

Discuss the different trends in nursing: Impact of nursing on politics and health policy

A

○ Nurses and their professional organizations lobby for health care legislation to meet the needs of patients, particularly the medically underserved.

○ For example, nurses in communities provide home visits to newborns of high-risk mothers (e.g., adolescent, poorly educated, or medically underserved). These visits result in fewer emergency department visits, fewer newborn infections, fewer developmental delays, and reduced infant mortality

81
Q

what is Continuing Education?

A

○ involves formal, organized educational programs offered by universities, hospitals, state nurses associations, professional nursing organizations, and educational and health care institutions.

○ Continuing education updates your knowledge about the latest research and practice developments, helps you to specialize in a particular area of practice, and teaches you new skills and techniques

○ In some states continuing education is required for RNs to keep their licenses.

○ Proving to the state that you are learning new procedures

82
Q

What is In-service education?

A

○ programs are instruction or training provided by a health care agency or institution.

○ An in-service program is held in the institution (hospital you work at) and is designed to increase the knowledge, skills, and competencies of nurses and other health care professionals employed by the institution.

○ Often in-service programs are focused on new technologies such as how to correctly use the newest safety syringes.

○ Many in-service programs are designed to fulfill required competencies of an organization.

83
Q

What is NCLEX (Licensure)?

A

○ This provides a standardized minimum knowledge base for nurses.

○ Successfully passing the NCLEX-RN does not guarantee safe, standard, nor ethical practice. These are evaluated by the employer.

84
Q

discuss certification of RN

A

the nurse may choose to work toward certification in a specific area of nursing practice.

Minimum practice requirements are set, based on the certification the nurse seeks.

After passing the initial examination, you maintain your certification by ongoing continuing education and clinical or administrative practice.

85
Q

What do professional nursing Organizations/Associations do and what do they help with in nursing

A

These organizations seek to improve the standards of practice, expand nursing roles, and foster the welfare of nurses within the specialty areas. In addition , professional organizations present educational programs and publish journals

86
Q

Define members of the interdisciplinary health care team

A

○ interdisciplinary teama group ofhealth careprofessionals from diverse fields who work in a coordinated fashion toward a common goal for the patient.

  • nurse
  • physicians
  • physical therapists
  • occupational therapists
  • respiratory therapists
  • dietitians
  • pharmacists
  • social workers
  • case managers

Nursing Theory (1 decks)

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