Nursing theories 2

Question 1

Florence Nightingale (Environmental Theory)

Answer 1

• Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental Theory.
• Defined Nursing as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his
  recovery.”
• Stated that nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth,
  cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet – all at the least
  expense of vital power to the patient.”
• Identified five (5) environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage,
  cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight.

Question 2

Hildegard E. Peplau (Interpersonal Theory)

Answer 2

• Pioneered the Theory of Interpersonal Relations
• Peplau’s theory defined Nursing as “An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions
  between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse specially
  educated to recognize, respond to the need for help.”
• Her work is influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow,
  and Neal Elgar Miller.
• It helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more therapeutic interventions in the
  clinical setting

Question 3

Virginia Henderson (Nursing Need Theory)

Answer 3

• Developed the Nursing Need Theory
• Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence to hasten their
  progress in the hospital.
• Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs.
• “The nurse is expected to carry out a physician’s therapeutic plan, but individualized care
  is the result of the nurse’s creativity in planning for care.”

Question 4

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Answer 4

• Developed the 21 Nursing Problems Theory
• “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual
  competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to
  help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
• Changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered and began to
  include families and the elderly in nursing care.
• The nursing model is intended to guide care in hospital institutions but can also be
  applied to community health nursing, as well.

Question 5

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Answer 5

• Developed The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual model.
• Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife experience as “People may differ in their
  concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for
  someone in a motherly fashion.”
• Guides the nurse action in the art of nursing and specified four elements of clinical
  nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice, and art.
• Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient’s perceived need for help in a vision of
  nursing that indicates considerable importance on the art of nursing.

Question 6

Ida Jean Orlando

Answer 6

• She developed the Nursing Process Theory
• “Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses
  must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before drawing conclusions.”
• Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted
  when and if any complexity comes up with the patient.
• According to her, persons become patients requiring nursing care when they have needs
  for help that cannot be met independently because of their physical limitations, negative
  reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their
  needs.
• The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patient’s immediate needs for help

Question 7

Jean Watson

Answer 7

• She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
• “Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and
  restoring health.”
• Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses
  into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health.
• Focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases.
• Caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical
  cure.

Question 8

Marilyn Anne Ray

Answer 8

• Developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
• “Improved patient safety, infection control, reduction in medication errors, and overall
  quality of care in complex bureaucratic health care systems cannot occur without
  knowledge and understanding of complex organizations, such as the political and
  economic systems, and spiritual-ethical caring, compassion and right action for all
  patients and professionals.”
• Challenges participants in nursing to think beyond their usual frame of reference and
  envision the world holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.
• Presents a different view of how health care organizations and nursing phenomena
  interrelate as wholes and parts in the system.

Question 9

Patricia Benner

Answer 9

• Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Practice
• “The nurse-patient relationship is not a uniform, professionalized blueprint but rather a
  kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the most dramatic, poignant, and
  mundane moments of life.”
• Attempts to assert and reestablish nurses’ caring practices when nurses are rewarded
  more for efficiency, technical skills, and measurable outcomes.
• States that caring practices are instilled with knowledge and skill regarding everyday
  human needs.

Question 10

Kari Martinsen

Answer 10

• Philosophy of Caring
• “Nursing is founded on caring for life, on neighborly love, […]At the same time, the
  nurse must be professionally educated.”
• Human beings are created and are beings for whom we may have administrative
  responsibility.
• Caring, solidarity, and moral practice are unavoidable realities.

Answer 11

Katie Eriksson
* Theory of Carative Caring
* “Caritative nursing means that we take ‘caritas’ into use when caring for the human being
in health and suffering […] Caritative caring is a manifestation of the love that ‘just
exists’ […] Caring communion, true caring, occurs when the one caring in a spirit of
caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient.”
* The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health.
* Inspired many in the Nordic countries and used it as the basis of research, education, and
clinical practice.

Question 12

Myra Estrin Levine

Answer 12

• According to the Conservation Model, “Nursing is human interaction.”
• Provides a framework within which to teach beginning nursing students.
• Logically congruent, externally and internally consistent, has breadth and depth, and is
  understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care.

Question 13

Martha E. Rogers

Answer 13

• In Roger’s Theory of Unitary Human Beings, she defined Nursing as “an art and
  science that is humanistic and humanitarian.
• The Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing,
  which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific
  research; and the art of nursing, which involves using nursing creatively to help better the
  lives of the patient.
• A patient can’t be separated from his or her environment when addressing health and
  treatment.

Question 14

Dorothea E. Orem

Answer 14

• In her Self-Care Theory, she defined Nursing as “The act of assisting others in the
  provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human functioning at the
  home level of effectiveness.”
• Focuses on each individual’s ability to perform self-care.
• Composed of three interrelated theories: (1) the theory of self-care, (2) the self-care
  deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified into
  wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and supportive-educative.

Question 15

Imogene M. King (Goal Attainment Theory)

Answer 15

• Conceptual System and Middle-Range Theory of Goal Attainment
• “Nursing is a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share
  information about their perception in a nursing situation” and “a process of human
  interactions between nurse and client whereby each perceives the other and the situation,
  and through communication, they set goals, explore means, and agree on means to
  achieve goals.”
• Focuses on this process to guide and direct nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going
  hand-in-hand with their patients to meet good health goals.
• Explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-hand in communicating information, set
  goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals.

Question 16

Betty Neuman (Systems Model)

Answer 16

• In Neuman’s System Model, she defined nursing as a “unique profession in that is
  concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress.”
• The focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family, group, or
  community) and on the client’s responses to stressors.
• The client system includes five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural,
  developmental, and spiritual). It is conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy
  resources) surrounded by concentric circles that include lines of resistance, a normal
  defense line, and a flexible line of defense.

Question 17

Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model

Answer 17

• In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a “health care profession that focuses on
  human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of health for
  individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole.”
• Views the individual as a set of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance
  between various stimuli.
• Inspired the development of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation
  instruments.

Question 18

Dorothy E. Johnson

Answer 18

• The Behavioral System Model defined Nursing as “an external regulatory force that acts
  to preserve the organization and integrate the patients’ behaviors at an optimum level
  under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social
  health or in which illness is found.”
• Advocates to foster efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent
  illness and stresses the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of
  nursing care on patients.
• Describes the person as a behavioral system with seven subsystems: the achievement,
  attachment-affiliative, aggressive-protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and
  sexual subsystems.

Question 19

Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (Transitions Theory)

Answer 19

• It began with observations of experiences faced as people deal with changes related to
  health, well-being, and the ability to care for themselves.
• Types of transitions include developmental, health and illness, situational, and
  organizational.
• Acknowledges the role of nurses as they help people go through health/illness and life
  transitions.
• Focuses on assisting nurses in facilitating patients’, families’, and communities’ healthy
  transitions.

Question 20

Nola J. Pender (Health Promotion Model)

Answer 20

• Describes the interaction between the nurse and the consumer while considering the role
  of the health promotion environment.
• It focuses on three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific
  cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.
• Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their
  environment to pursue health.

Question 21

Madeleine M. Leininger( Transcultural Nursing Theory)

Answer 21

• Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality
• Defined transcultural nursing as “a substantive area of study and practice focused on
  comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups
  of similar or different cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing care
  practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human
  conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways.”
• Involves learning and understanding various cultures regarding nursing and health-illness
  caring practices, beliefs, and values to implement significant and efficient nursing care
  services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
• It focuses on the fact that various cultures have different and unique caring behaviors and
  different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.

Question 22

Margaret A. Newman (Health as Expanding Consciousness)

Answer 22

• “Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient in relation to the environment, and it is
  the process of the understanding of consciousness.”
• “The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for those
  for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible . . . “
• Nursing is regarded as a connection between the nurse and patient, and both grow in the
  sense of higher levels of consciousness.

Question 23

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (Human Becoming Theory)

Answer 23

• “Nursing is a science, and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with
  persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming.”
• Explains that a person is more than the sum of the parts, the environment, and the person
  is inseparable and that nursing is a human science and art that uses an abstract body of
  knowledge to help people.
• It centered around three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.