Nursing Terms - Sem 1 1st Half Flashcards
1
Q
Hypothermia
A
Heat loss below 35 degrees
2
Q
Hyperthermia
A
Heat gain above 38-40 degrees
3
Q
Febrile
A
To have a fever - more related to the body temperature
4
Q
Afebrile
A
To not have a fever
5
Q
Pyrexia
A
Fever - more the symptoms of a fever
6
Q
Rigors
A
Chills and shivering as body temp increases rapidly - may remains elevated or fall as profuse sweating takes place
7
Q
Radiation
A
Process of heat loss from the body
8
Q
Conduction
A
Transfer of heat through content with solids/liquids or gases (ice or bath)
9
Q
Convection
A
Transfer of heat through air (fan)
10
Q
Evaporation
A
When liquid is changed to a gas (600-900ml per day)
11
Q
Diaphoresis
A
Profuse sweating - heat loss
12
Q
Thermoregulation
A
The balance between heat lost and heat gained
13
Q
Ventilation
A
The movement of gases into and out the lungs
14
Q
Diffusion
A
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells from the capillaries
15
Q
Perfusion
A
The glow of oxygenated blood or fluid to tissues and organs
16
Q
A
17
Q
A
18
Q
Apnoea
A
No breathing - cessation of breathing (temporary- stops and starts) is not permanent
19
Q
Dyspnoea
A
Difficult / laboured breathing (feeling short of breath)
20
Q
Orthopnoea
A
Shortness of breath (dyspnoea) which happens when lying in a supine (on back) position
21
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
Inflammatory disease/ condition - obstructing the blood flow in arteries
22
Q
Endorhelium
A
Acts as a barrier between stuff in the blood and the blood vessel - secretes proteins
23
Q
Hypertension
A
High blood pressure
24
Q
Hypotension
A
Low blood pressure
25
Viscosity
Thickness of blood
26
Elasticity
Blood vessel walls are elastic
27
Systolic
Highest/maximum cardiac output measured
28
Diastolic
Lowest/minimum cardiac output output measured
29
Apical
Between the 4th and 5th inter coast space
30
Tachycardia
Abnormally evevated pulse - over 100/min
31
Tachy
Fast
32
Cardia
Heart
33
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, less than 60/min
34
Brady
Slow
35
Dysrythmia
Abnormal heart rate rhythm
36
Temporal artery
Temples
37
Carotid artery
Neck
38
Brachial
Inner elbows
39
Radial
Wrist
40
Popliteal artery
Behind the knee
41
Afferent pathway
Going into somthing
42
Efferent pathway
Going away from somthing
43
Basal rate
Normal/ base rate or point
44
Acidosis
More acid in the blood (7.35 - 0) on pH scale
Acid - Hydrogen
45
Alkalosis
More base than acid in the blood (7.45 - 14) on oh pH scale
Base - water (alkaline)
46
Lumen
Size of the hole if the blood vessels
- Organs that liquids flow through
47
Axial skeleton
Base - spine, skull, ribs
48
Supine
The body is lying on their back/ lying face upward
49
Prone
The body is lying face downward/ on there stomach
50
Lateral/side lying
The individual is lying on either right or left side
51
Fowler position
The individual is in supine but the head of the bed is elevated
52
Low-Fowlers
30 degree position
53
Semi - Fowlers
45 degree position
54
High - Fowlers
90 degree position
55
Dorsal
2 subdivisions- cranial cavity and spinal cavity
56
Ventral
2 subdivisions- thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
57
Superior (cephalic)
Towards the head
58
Inferior (caudal)
Towards the foot
59
Anterior (ventral)
Front/ in front of
60
Posterior (dorsal)
Back/ in back of
61
Medial
Towards the center/ midline of the body
62
Lateral
Towards the side / away from the midline of the body
63
Proximal
Nearest to the trunk/ point of origin
64
Distal
Furthest from the trunk/ point of origin
65
Superficial
Near to the surface of the body
66
Deep
Furthest away from the body’s surface
67
Sagittal plane
Diving into left or right side
68
Frontal (coronal) plane
Lengthwise plane running from side to side & or too top to bottom. Deciding it to anterior and posterior (front &back )
69
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Crosswise plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts (top & bottom)
70
Central
Refers to the center
71
Peripheral
Away from centre
72
Medullary
Inner region
73
Cortical
Outer region
74
Basal
Base of
75
Apical
Narrowest point or tip on somthing
76
Haemostasis
Blood clotting
77
Solution
A mixture of a solvent and a solute
78
Solute
Gets dissolved into the solvent
79
Solvent
Something that dissolved in a solution
80
Hydrophobic
Non-water loving
Molecules that are unable to be dissolved into water (non soluble)
81
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Molecules that are able to be dissolved into water (soluble)
82
Tonicity
As water moves it can change the shape/ size of our cells
83
Prokaryotic
Contains a membrane & cytoplasm but no nucleus or membrane bound organelles (bacteria)
84
Eucaryotic
Contains a nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm
85
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane selects what can enter and exit the cell
86
Microvilli
Are found in the small intestines & skin where absorption of products is essential
87
Cilia
Hair extensions that move substances along the surface - catch pathogens and make them exit your body via spit, snot ect
88
Flagella
Long extensions that allow the cell to swim (only in sperm)
89
Exocytosis
Transporting materials the cell membrane, usually enclosed in a visicle
90
Endocytosis
bringing material into the cell
91
Intercellular fluid (ICF)
Inside the cell
Slightly negatively charged
65% fluid
92
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Outside the cells
Positively charged
35% fluid
93
Avascular
No blood supply
94
Endocrine glands
Are ductless - screwy their own products into the blood
95
Exocrine glands
Secrete their products into the ducts
96
Vascular
Blood supply
97
Dentrites
Are extensions that carry impulses to the cell body
98
Axon
Carries impulse away from the cell body
99
Atom in fluid
Ion
100
Cation
Positivly charged ion
101
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen
102
Cytolysis
Cell swelling & bursting
103
Peak flow
Testing asthma breathing
104
Anion
Negatively charged ion
105
GI
Gastrointestinal
106
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
107
Aquaporins
Gates/channels that only work for water
108
Depolarisation
The negative becomes positive
109
Repolarisation
The positive charge goes back to negative
110
Hypernatremia
High Na (sodium)
111
Organ given the name - Lateral
Femur
112
Umbilicus
Navel/belly button
113
Unicellular
Organisms that only have one cell
114
Multicellular
Organising that gave 2 or more cells
115
Phospholipid bilayer
Protects cell
116
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
117
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
118
Hypertonic
A very concentrated solution sour rounding the cell where the water moves out of the cell. The cell shrivels
119
Hypotonic
A very dilute solution surrounding a cell (low concentration) where water moves into the cell. The cell can explode
120
Isotonic
A solution surrounding a cell where the cell solution have the same concentration. Cell remains undamaged
121
Haemostasis
Blood clotting
122
Vasodilation
Blood vessels dilate
123
Vasoconstriction
Blood vessels constrict
124
PTH
Parathyroid gland
125
Ectotherm
Cold-blooded
126
Endotherm
Warm-blooded
127
Thermal gradient
Difference between the internal body temp & the external environment temp
128
Oxytocin
Hormone to produce offspring
129
Integumentary system
Skin
130
Muscular system
Muscles
131
Cardiovascular system
Heart & blood vessels
132
Nervous system
Brain &nerves
133
Urinary system
Kidneys, bladder, uretes
134
Digestive system
Stomach, liver, pancreas, gal bladder
135
Hypocalcemia
Low blood calcium concentrations
136
Hypercalcemia
High concentration of blood calcium
137
Calcitonin
Hormone secrete by thyroid glands to decrease blood calcium levels
138
Glucagon
Hormone
139
Glycogen
Is a large molecule made up of lots of glucose molecules
140
Hyperglycaemia
High glucose levels in blood
141
Polyuria
Excessive urinating
142
Goycosuria
Excessive glucose in the urine
143
Subjective data
Straight from the patient (symptoms)
144
Objective data
Somthing you see or gather (signs)
145
Infection
Disease that results in the presents of pathogens
146
Antigens
Molecule markers of cells, viruses and other particles. Antigens are on pathogens (proteins)
147
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause a disease
148
Microorganisms
Include bacteria, Protozoa and fungi
149
Organism
A living thing made up of one or more cells
150
Virus
Small particle consisting of nucleic acid and a protein coat
151
Bacteria
Tiny, single cell organisms of various shapes
152
Fungi
Also called “mycosis”, is a skin disease caused by a fungus
153
Protozoa
Single cell organisms
154
Parasite/parasitic
An organism living in, on, or with another organism in order to obtain nutrients and grow
155
Virulence
Ability to cause disease
156
Acute
Rapid, short time development & disappears
157
Chronic
Develops slowly & lasts for longer period of time (possibly for life)
158
Idiopathic
Unknown or undetermined cause
159
Infectious
Any time of disease caused by pathogens
160
Contagious
Disease that can spread from person to person
161
Enzymes
Breaks down pathogens
162
Leukocytes
White blood cells group
Leuko - white
Cytes - cells
163
Phagocytes
Eating cells - is a type of white blood cell
164
Neutrophils
Most numerous, type of white blood cell
165
Monocytes
Once migrated to injury site, will change to either macrophage (large eater)
166
Diapedesis
A process -
The movement of neutrophils and other phagocytes though the blood vessel walls to the affected area
167
Chemotaxis
Attracting leukocytes to a certain area
168
MHC
Majour histocompatibility complex
169
Lymphocyte
Type of white blood cell
170
DsRNA
Double strand ribonucleic acid
171
Lysis
Rupture
172
MACs
Membrane attack complex
173
Localised
Restricted to a certain part of the body
174
Systemic
Whole body
175
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen
176
Ligaments
Holds/attches various bones together
Strong and dense cord made up of white fibrous tissue
177
Bones
Rigid & mineralised structure. Has 5 major functions which is important in promoting homeostasis
178
Compact bone
Dense and solid in appearance
80% of the bone mass
179
Cancellous bone
Aka spongy bone or trabecular bone
Open space and has thin branching crossbeams
180
Osteoblasts
Synthesises and secretes an organic matrix (osteoid) collagen strand from osteoid mineralises the bone tissue
181
Osteoclasts
Responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals, the dissolved mineral are reabsorbed by the bloodstream and recycled for use
182
Osteocytes
Mature, non-dividing osteoblasts
183
Inorganic salts
Calcium & phosphate crystals
Calcium carbonate and other minerals (magnesium sodium sulphate and fluoride)
184
Organic matrix
Collagenous fibres, proteins and polysaccharides
185
#
Fracture
186
A simple or closed fracture
Skin is not broken
187
A compound or open fracture
Where the bone breaks through the skin - often leads to a surgical procedure
188
A greenstick fracture
Where the bone bends and breaks
189
Hematoma
Bruise - blood vessel leak blood
190
Joints
AKA articulations
191
Fibrous joint
Fits closely together and immovable
192
Cartilaginous joint
Are joined by cartilage and limited movement
193
Synovial joint
Are moveable and found though out the body
194
Joint capsule
Sleeve-like extension of the periosteum of each of the articulating bone. Encased the end of the bones
195
Synovial membrane
Slippery membrane lining the joint capsule- secretes synovial fluid
196
Articular cartilage
Layer of hyaline cartilage for protection and cushion
197
Joint cavity
Space between the articular surface of the two bones
198
Meniscus/menisci
Pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones
199
Brusa/brusae
Pillow-like structure that is filled with synovial fluid
Facilitates movement of tendons
200
Hinge joint
Back and forth movement - flextion/extention
201
Pivot joint
Bone articulated to a ring or notch of another bone
202
Saddle joint
Articulating ends resembling reciprocally shaped saddles
203
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
Condyle that fits into an elliptical socket. Distal end of radius fitting into the carpal bones
204
Ball and socket (spheroid) joint
Most movable joint
Ball shaped head that fits into a concave depression
205
Gliding joint
Flat articulating surface that allows limited sliding movements. Least movable of the synovial joints
206
What is the LITE assesment
L - load
I - individual
T - task
E - environment
207
What’s the safe handling cycle
Plan - action - review
208
209
Maximum lifting limits
25 kilos for men
16.6 kilos for women
Only when conditions are right
210
Mobility
Able to move oneself
211
Impaired physical mobility
Limitation in indecent, purposeful movement
212
GALS tool
G- Gail
A - arms
L- legs
S - spine
213
GALSs process
Ask - look - feel - move
214
Objective data
Data the nurse observes
215
Subjective data
Data the patient is giving the nurse
216
ROM
Range of motion
217
Maximus
Large
218
Longus
Long
219
How many bones in human body
206
More for children as then there bones fuse togther
220
Haematopoiesis
Creation/making of RBC
221
Compact bone
Hard part of the outside of a bone
Provides a surface for muscles to attach to
222
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone or trabecular bone
Open space & has thin branching crossbeams
223
Osteoblasts
Bone builders - builds bone
224
Osteoclasts
Bone crushers - breaks down the bone then reabsorbed into the blood can be used when calcium is needed in the blood
225
Osteocytes
Bone managers - has been stored in the bone the longest and is non dividing osteoblasts
226
Medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow - fat reverses
227
Epiphysis
Attaching to other bones
228
Bone marrow
2 types - red and yellow
Found within long bones
229
Matrix non living
Dead cells
230
Matrix living
Alive cells
231
Osseus
Bone tissue
232
Striation
Strips on a muscle cell
233
Gross movement
Big movement
234
Fine movement
Small movement
235
Catabolism
Breaking down big molecules into small molecules
236
Excitability/imtability
Respond to regulatory mechanisms (nerve signals)
237
Contractibility
Allows muscles to pull bones creating movement
238
Extensibility
Allows uncles to go back to its resting/normal state
239
CNS
Central nervous system
240
Sarcolemma
Equivalent to plasma membrane of the cell
241
Sarcoplasma
Equivalent to the cytoplasm of the cell
242
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Equivalent to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Temporarily stores Ca ions
Pumps back the Ca ions and stores it
243
T tubules
Transverse tubules
244
Myofibrils
Bundles of very fine filaments running across the skeletal muscles
245
Sarcomere
Lines that appear on the myofibrils
246
Myofilamanets
Makes up myofibrils
247
A band filament
Relatively wide, dark strips, alternate with I bands, cross striae
248
I band filaments
Narrower than A band, lighter coloured stripes
249
CT
Cricothyroid
250
Actin
Thin band/filaments
251
Myosin
Thick band/filaments
252
4 proteins that make up myofilaments
Myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin
253
Thick filaments
Myosin
254
Thin filaments
Actin, troponin, tropomyosin
255
Neuro
Nerve
256
Motor neuron
Stimulates muscles that are at rest
Are located in the brain or spinal cord
257
Motor endplate
Is the connection between the sarcolemme and the motor neuron
258
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Composed of a type of connection (synapse) and a narrow gap (synaptic cleft)
259
ACh
Acetylcholine
260
Motor units
A motor neuron and the skeletal muscles/ fibre that neurons controls
261
Myoglobin
Reddish pigment with iron groups
262
Prime mover (agonist)
Describes a muscle that directly preforms a specific action
263
Antagonist
Muscle that directly opposes prime movers during contraction
264
Synergists
Contracts at the same time as prime movers to help the prime mover to provide more effective movement
265
Fixator muscles
Joint stabilisers. Provides maintenance of posture and balance when prime mover is acting
266
Polarity
ICF is slightly negative charge
267
Depolarisation
ICF becomes more positively charged. This is a result of Na movement across the cell membrane into the ICF
268
Repolarisation
ICF becomes less positively charged. This is the result of K movement across the cell membrane into the ECF. It is an attempt to return the ICF to it’s normal negative charge
269
Pharmaco
Drug
270
Logy
Science
271
Suppository
Inserted into the rectum or vagina to dissolve
272
273
Pharmacodynamics
What the medication does to the body
274
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the medication
275
Buccal
Cheeks
276
Therapeutic effect
Desired effect
277
OTC
Over the counter
278
NSAID
Nonsteroidal Anti inflammatory drug
279
COX
Cyclo oxygenase
280
Prostaglandins
Produced by COX
Has 2 jobs
1 - sends pain messages to brain
2- releases histamine via MAST cells.
But causes increased temp + provides protective mucous in GI tract
281
Analgesic
For mild or moderate pain relief
282
Antipyretic
Reduces fever
283
Odema
Swelling
284
Flatulence
Gas
285
Tinnitus
Ringing in ears
286
Urticaria
Rashes/skin irritations
