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Nursing Science T1Yr2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What controls the respiratory system?

Two items

A

Chemoreceptors and Mechanical Receptors

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2
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

function & involves?

A

Brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide. Involves inhalation and exhalation.

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3
Q

What is the role of Chemoreceptors in the respiratory sytem?

A

Respond to gas exchange and central nervous system.

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4
Q

What do Mechanical Receptors control in the respiratory system?

3 items.

A

Control muscles, size of the lungs, strength of muscles.

Including diaphragm.

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5
Q

What does the mucociliary clearance system contain?

A

Cough and bronchoconstrictions.

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6
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx and sinuses.

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of respiratory conditions?

A

Upper Respiratory Diseases, Lower Respiratory Diseases, Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases.

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8
Q

What are impacts of upper respiratory tract diseases?

A

Affects sleep, nutrition, ventilation, O2 supply, smell and taste.

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9
Q

What is a deviated septum?

A

Misalignment of the septum.

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10
Q

What are the causes of a deviated septum?

A

Trauma, normal childhood growth, congenital defect.

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11
Q

What are the affects of a deviated septum?

A

Difficulty breathing, dryness of nasal mucosa (crusting + bleeding), nasal edema.

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12
Q

Cause of a nasal fracture…

Most often

A

Caused by trauma to the middle of the face.

Most often

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13
Q

What are complications of a nasal fracture?

4 items.

A

airway obstruction, epistaxis, meningeal tears, cosmetic deformity.

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14
Q

What are the classifications of a nasal fracture?

3 of them

A

Unilateral, bilateral and complex.

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15
Q

What is a Rhinoplasty?

A

Surgery on the nose to remodel or reconstruct the external nose.

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16
Q

What is a Septoplasty?

Addition to…

A

Addition to rhinoplasty to reconstruct and remodel the nasal septum.

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17
Q

What is an Epistaxis?

A

Nose bleed.

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18
Q

What are causes of epistaxis?

8 items

A

Trauma, foreign bodies, dry air, nasal spray misuse, alcohol and drug misuse, anatomical malformation, allergic rhinitis, tumors.

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19
Q

Is anterior bleeding with epistaxis the most common type of bleeding?

Does bleeding usually stop?

A

Yes.

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20
Q

Posterior bleeding with epistaxis is most common with…?

secondary too?

A

Older persons secondary to other health conditions.

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21
Q

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

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22
Q

Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis

Resembles common cold.

A

Sneezing, itchy eyes, altered sense of smell, watery nasal discharge.

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23
Q

How is Acute Viral Rhinitis spread?

A

Airborne droplets or direct hand contact.

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24
Q

What is a nursing management for someone who has Acute Viral Rhinitis?

A

Supportive therapy including fluids and rest.

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25
Q

What are typical symptoms of Influenza?

A

Cough, fever, myalgia.

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26
Q

What are symptoms that are signs of pulmonary complications in an Influenza patient?

A

Dyspnea, diffuse crackles in the lungs.

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27
Q

What is myalgia?

A

Muscle pains and aches.

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28
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Difficulty breathing.

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29
Q

What is Sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosa blocking the openings in the sinuses.

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30
Q

What can cause infection (sinusitis)?

A

Secretions accumulating behind the obstruction.

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31
Q

What is nursing managements for individuals with Sinusitis?

A

Antibiotics, rest and fluid.

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32
Q

What are Nasal Polyps?

& forms in response too?

A

Benign mucous membrane masses that form in response to repeated inflammation

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33
Q

What can patients experience with Nasal Polyps?

2 items.

A

Discharge and speech distortion.

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34
Q

What is Acute Pharyngitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the pharyngeal walls.

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35
Q

What are nursingmanagements for patients with Acute Pharyngitis?

A

Antibiotics, rest, fluid.

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36
Q

What is required to fix Peritonsillar Abscesses?

A

IV antibiotics, needle to aspirate to drain the abscess, remove tonsils.

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37
Q

What is a complete airway obstruction identified as?

(type)

A

Medical emergency.

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38
Q

What is cough variant asthma?

A

When patients only present with cough as a symptom.

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39
Q

What are symptoms of an Airway Obstruction?

A

Stridor, accessory muscle use, suprasternal and intercostal retractions, wheezing, restlessness, tachycardia and cyanosis.

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40
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

why get this?

A

Surgical incision into the trachea to get an airway.

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41
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

The opening that results from tracheotomy.

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42
Q

Indications to get a tracheotomy are…

A

Obstruction, remove secretions, long-term ventilation.

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43
Q

Where can Laryngeal Polyps develop?

from?

A

Vocal cords from abuse or irritation.

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44
Q

Can you block a Lary Tube after a Laryngectomy?

A

No.

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45
Q

What is Asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.

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46
Q

What are key characteristics of Asthma?

A

Cough, wheezes, chest tightness, dyspnea.

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47
Q

What is Early-Phase Asthma Response triggered by?

A

Allergens or irritants attach to immunoglobulin E receptors on mast cells.

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48
Q

What are clinical effects of Early-Phase Response in Asthma?

A

Bronchospasm, increased mucus and sputum, edema.

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49
Q

When does Late-Phase Response to Asthma peak?

A

5-12 hours after exposure.

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50
Q

What are triggers of Asthma attacks?

7 items.

A

Allergens, tobacco smoke, respiratory infections, sinusitis, exercise, cold/dry air, stress.

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51
Q

What is the Asthma triad?

A

Nasal polyps, asthma and sensitivity to asprin and NSAIDs.

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52
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Asthma?

11 items.

A

Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, coughing, hypoxemia, increased pulse and BP, increased resp rate, accessory muscle use, difficulty speaking in sentences, 2-5 word dyspnea.

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53
Q

What is Optimal Asthma Control?

A

Absence of asthma symptoms, the need for rescue bronchodilator, normal pulmonary function.

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54
Q

What is Status Asthmaticus?

Type of medical emergency? Form?

A

Most extreme form of acute asthma attack and a life-threatening medical emergency.

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55
Q

How is Status Asthmaticus characterized?

A

Hypoxia, hypercapnia, acute respiratory failure.

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56
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen level in the tissues.

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57
Q

What are the 2 diagnostic measures considered for Asthma?

A

Symptoms and variable airflow obstruction.

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58
Q

What are the 2 categories for medical therapy for Asthma?

A

Relievers and controllers.

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59
Q

What are relievers in medical therapy for Asthma?

Why? Given?

A

Rescue medications to ease symptoms, given intermittently.

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60
Q

What are controllers in medical therapy for Asthma?

For? Given?

A

Maintenance therapy, typically used BID for long-term suppression of inflammation.

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61
Q

What are are salbutamol and ipratropium?

Classification, medical therapy?

A

Bronchodilator and reliever.

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62
Q

What are INH flucticasone and oral prednisone?

Classification, medical therapy?

A

Corticosteroids and controllers.

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63
Q

What is IgE (Immunoglobulin E)?

A

Antibody that helps the body fight off foreign bodies like bacteria or viruses.

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64
Q

What do antiluekotriences do?

A

They block actions of leukotrienes which are potent bronchodilators.

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65
Q

What are the purpose of corticosteroids?

A

They reduce bronchial hyper-responsiveness by blocking late-phase responses and inhibit inflammatory cells.

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66
Q

What is COPD?

A

An enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and lungs.

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67
Q

What are symptoms of COPD?

4 items.

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Difficulty breathing
  3. SOB
  4. Limitations in activity.
68
Q

In advanced COPD, what can be affected?

A

Skeletal muscles, right sided heart failure, secondary polycythemia, depression, altered nutrition.

69
Q

What are the defining features of COPD?

3 items.

A
  1. Airflow limitations during forced exhalation
  2. Airflow obstruction
  3. Air trapping
70
Q

Diagnosis of COPD should be considered when…?

Shows symptoms of…

A

Cough, sputum production, dyspnea, hx of smoking or exposure to risk factors.

71
Q

What is AECOPD?

A

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

72
Q

Mild AECOPD is determined by…?

A

Worsening or new respiratory symptoms whichout a change in prescribed medications.

73
Q

What is needed for moderate AECOPD?

A

Prescribe antibiotic and/or corticosteroid.

74
Q

What is needed for severe AECOPD?

A

Hospital admission or emergency department visit.

75
Q

What is lung volume reduction surgery?

Allows for?

A

Reduces lung size. Room for remaining alveoli to function is increased.

76
Q

What is a Bullectomy?

A

Surgical removal of bulla intended to decompress adjacent lung parenchyma.

77
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands.

78
Q

How is CF characterized?

A

Chronic airway infection.

79
Q

What are 3 critical life-threatening complications of CF?

A
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Massive hemoptysis
  3. Respiratory failure
80
Q

What is a flutter mucus clearance device?

A

Causes airway fibration which loosens mucus from walls intermittently increasing endobronchial pressure.

81
Q

What is Acute Bronchitis?

also caused by…? Viral or not?

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract
  • Caused by infection
  • Viral
82
Q

What are the types of pneumonia?

5 items.

A
  1. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
  2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
  3. Fungal
  4. Aspiration
  5. Opportunistic
83
Q

What is Tuberculosis (TB)? How is it spread?

A
  • Infectious disease caused by myobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Airborne.
84
Q

What are clinical manifestations of TB?

6 items.

A
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Low fevers
  • Night sweats
85
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent, abnormal dilation of 1 or more large bronchi.

86
Q

What are clinical manifesations of bronchiectasis?

A

Persistent recurrent cough with production >20mL of purulent sputum her day.

87
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

A pus-containing lesion of lung parenchyma that gives rise to a cavity formed by necrosis of lung tissue.

88
Q

Clinical Manifestations of a lung abscess…?

Onset?

A
  • Cough producing purulent sputum, fever, chills, dyspnea, weight loss.
  • Onset is insidious.
89
Q

What is a Nursing Management for a lung abscess?

A

Abx given for prolonged period.

90
Q

What is Pneumoconiosis?

A

Environmental or occupational lung diseases result from inhaled dust or chemicals.

91
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer related death in Canada?

Type?

A

Lung cancer.

92
Q

What is the most significant and first reported symptom of lung cancer?

A

Persistent cough, may be productive.

93
Q

What are diagnostic studies for lung cancer?

A
  • Chest radiography
  • CT scan
  • PET scan
  • MRI
  • Staging
  • Screening
94
Q

What is Blunt Trauma?

What is it and type of injury?

A
  • Body struck by blunt object
  • External injury
95
Q

Related to blunt trauma.

What is contrecoup trauma?

Example?

A

An injury as a result of the main injury. Injury on the opposite side of the affected area.

Ruptured spleen.

96
Q

What is a penetrating trauma?

A

Foreign body that impales or passes through the body tissues.

97
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

The presence of air in the pleural space.

98
Q

What are 5 types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Closed
  2. Open
  3. Tension
  4. Hemothorax
  5. Chylothorax
99
Q

What are clinical manifestations of a small pneumothorax?

A
  • Mild tachycardia
  • Dyspnea
100
Q

What are the clinical manifestations for a large pneumothorax?

A
  • Respiratory distress
  • Dyspnea
  • Air hunger
  • Decreased O2 saturation

Respiratory distress would include shallow, rapid respirations.

101
Q

What is the most common type of chest injury from trauma?

A

Fractured ribs.

102
Q

What is flail chest?

A

A result of multiple rib fractures, causing instability of the chest wall.

103
Q

How will flail chest present?

A

Affected area will move paradoxically to the intact portion of the chest during respirations.
During inspiration, the affected portion is sucked in.
During expiration, the affeceted portion bulges out.

104
Q

What is the purpose of a chest tube?

A

To remove air and fluid from the pleural space and restore normal intrapleural pressure so lungs can re-expand.

105
Q

Which pneumothorax has no associated external wound?

A

Closed.

106
Q

What is a closed pneumothorax?

Can it reoccur?

A
  • Accumulation of air in the pleural space without an apparent preceded event
  • It can reoccur
107
Q

What is an open pneumothorax?

A

When air enters the pleural space through an opening in the chest wall.

108
Q

What kind of dressing should be covering an open pneumothorax?

A

Vented dressing.

109
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

Can result in…? Can cause…?

A
  • Rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space
  • Can result in open or closed pneumothorax
  • Can cause severely high intrapleural pressures affecting the heart and great vessels.
110
Q

Is a tension pneumothorax a medical emergency?

A

Yes.

111
Q

What is a hemothorax?

Frequently found with…?

A
  • An accumulation of blood in the intrapleural space
  • Frequently found with open pneumothorax
112
Q

What is a chylothorax?

A

Accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space due to leak in thoracic duct.

113
Q

What can cause a hemothorax?

A
  • Chest trauma
  • Lung malignancy
  • Complication of anticoagulant
  • Pulmonary embolus
  • Tearing of pleural adhesions
114
Q

What can cause a chylothorax?

A
  • Trauma
  • Surgical procedure
  • Malignancy
115
Q

What are 3 basic compartments of pleural drainage?

A
  1. Collection chamber
  2. Water-seal chamber
  3. Suction control chamber
116
Q

Related to pleural drainage.

What is the purpose of a collection chamber?

A

Receives fluid and air from the chest cavity.

117
Q

Related to pleural drainage

What is the purpose of a water-seal chamber?

A
  • Acts as a 1 way valve.
  • Incoming air enters from the collection chamber and bubbles up through the water.
118
Q

Related to pleural drainage

What is the purpose of the suction control chamber?

A

Applies controlled suction to the chest drainage system.

119
Q

Related to pleural drainage

What is the normal suction pressure that is ordered?

A

20cmH20

120
Q

Related to pleural drainage.

Should bubbling in the water-seal chamber be constant?

A

No.

121
Q

What is a complication involving chest tubes that arises from not taking deep breaths or from splinting?

A

Pneumonia.

122
Q

Related to surgical therapy.

What is a thoracotomy?

A
  • A surgical opening into the thoracic cavity.
123
Q

Related to thoracotomy

What are 2 types of thoracic incisions?

A
  • Sternotomy
  • Lateral thoracotomy
124
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is VATS

Why use this?

A
  • Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
  • Improves visualization of thoracic cavity.
125
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is a lobectomy?

A

Removal of one lobe of the lung.

Most common lung surgery.

Indicated for TB, and fungal infections.

126
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is a pneumonectomy?

Why do this?

A
  • Removal of the entire lung.
  • Only done when a lobectomy or segmental resection will not remove all diseased tissue.
127
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is segmental resection?

Why do this?

A
  • Removal of one or more lung segments.
  • Done to remove segments, insert chest tube, expansion of remaining lung tissue to fill space.
128
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is a wedge resection?

Why do this?

A
  • Removal of small localized lesion that occupies only part of a segment.
  • Used for lung biopsy, removing small nodules.
129
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is decortication?

Indicated by…?

A
  • Removal of thick fibrous membrane from visceral pleura.
  • Empyema.
130
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is exploratory thoracotomy?

Used for…?

A
  • Incision into thorax to look for injured or bleeding tissues.
  • Used for chest trauma.
131
Q

Related to surgical therapy

What is a thoracotomy not involving the lungs?

A

Incision into the thorax for surgery on other organs.

Example: hernia repair, open-heart surgery, esophageal surgery, aortic aneurysm repair.

132
Q

What are restrictive respiratory disorders characterised by?

caused by?

A

restriction in lung volume caused by decreased compliance of the lungs or chest wall.

132
Q

What is extrapulmonary in relation to restrictive respiratory disorders?

A

Causes of restrictive lung disease include disorders involving the CNS, neuromuscular, and chest wall.

132
Q

What are the 2 categories of restrictive respiratory disorders?

A
  • extrapulmonary
  • intrapulmonary
133
Q

What is intrapulmonary disorders in relation to restrictive respiratory disorders?

A

causes of restrictive lung disease involving the pleura or the lung tissue.

134
Q

what is a pleural effusion?

A

the collection of fluidin the pleural space.

135
Q

Where does the pleural space lie?

A

between the lung and chest wall

136
Q

What is a transudative pleural effusion?

A
  • an accumulation of protein and cell-poor fluid.
  • primarily in non-inflammatory conditions.
137
Q

What is exudative pleural effusions?

A

accumulation of fluid and cells in an area of inflammation.

138
Q

What is transudative pleural effusion caused by?

A
  • increased hydrostatic pressure found in heart failure.
  • decrease oncotic pressure from hypoalbuminemia found in chronic liver or renal disease.
139
Q

What does exudative pleural effusion result from?

A

increased capillary permeability characteristics of the inflammatory reaction.

140
Q

What is empyema?

A

Pleural effusion that contains pus.

140
Q

What are the symptoms of empyema?

A
  • Fever
  • Night sweats
  • Cough
  • Weight loss
141
Q

What is tx for empyema?

A

Abx

142
Q

What is trapped lung?

A

Visceral pleura becomes encased in fibrous peel or rind due to effusion or empyema.

143
Q

What are interstitial lung disease?

A

acute or chronic disorders with variable degrees of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.

144
Q

What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis characterized by?

A

scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs as a sequel to inflammation or irritation.

145
Q

What are clinical manifestations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A
  • exrtional dyspnea
  • nonproductive cough
  • inspirational crackles w/ or w/o clubbing
146
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

chronic, multisystem granulomatous disease with an unknown cause that primarily affects the lungs.

147
Q

What is tx for sarcoidosis?

A
  • corticosteroids
  • NSAIDs help symptoms but not progression
148
Q

what is pulmonary edema?

A

abnormal, life-threatening accumulation of fluid in the alveoli & interstitial spaces of the lungs.

149
Q

What medication do you give a patient for chest pain?

A

Nitroglycerin.

150
Q

what is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

A

Left-sided heart failure.

151
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism?

A

the blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat or air embolus, or tumor tissue.

152
Q

what are clinical manifestations of a PE?

A

dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis

hymoptysis only occurs in 20% of patients.
symptoms can begin slowly or suddenly.

153
Q

What is a complication of a PE?

A

pulmonary infarction (death of lung tissue)

This is insufficient collateral blood flow from the bronchial circulation.

154
Q

what is pulmonary hypertension?

A

elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles.

155
Q

what is PPH (primary pulmonary hypertension)

characterized by…?

A
  • rare, severe, progressive disease.
  • characterized by mean pulmonary arterial pressure >25mmHg at rest and >30mmHg w/ exercise in absense of noticable cause.
156
Q

What are symptoms of PPH?

A
  • dyspnea on exertion
  • fatigue
  • exertional syncope
  • chest pain
  • dizziness
157
Q

What is secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH)?

A

occurs when a primary disease causes a chronic increase in pulmonary artery pressures.

158
Q

What is tx for SPH?

A

managing the primary disease and medication tx similar to PPH.

159
Q

what are indications for a lung transplant

A
  • bronchiectasis
  • CF
  • emphysema
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • sarcoidosis
  • pulmonary hypertension
160
Q

what is emphysema?

A

lung condition that causes SOB.

161
Q

Pediatrics Respiratory

What is nasopharyngitis?

A

A cold.

It is the most common infection of the respiratory tract

162
Q
A

Nursing Yr2 (2 decks)

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