Nursing research one Flashcards
Qualitative research
Focus on the characteristics o. Something, through interviews, observations of open ended question, with out the use of numbers or statistics
Quantitative research
Research that focuses on measuring things using numbers and statistics, typically surveys or experiments
Qualitative research includes what four things
Transparency
Transferability
Creditability
Reflexivity
Transparency
Sharing all aspects of the research. The research is verified
Transferability
The findings in one study can be applied to another similar study
Credibility
the research is reliable and valid, crucial in qualitative research
Reflexivity
When researchers critically reflect on their own beliefs, values and experiences, how it may influence the process, could have a bias
Primary
Collecting original data directly from the source or subject, usually gathered first hand specific to researchers study
Rigour
the process with which we ensure quality standards are upheld during researches process. Must have reliable results
Secondary
Gathering and analyzing existing data or info that was already collected. Like BPG, clinical guidelines systemic review
Nurses as researchers
asking questions and discovering evidence
Nurses as consumers of evidence
Using the best available evidence to probe evidence informed care for patient or population
Nurses as knowledge brokers
Communicate evidence to the patient population. Educate
Evidence based practice
primarily relies on clinical studies and research evidence, mainly a positive paradigm. Best scientific evidence
evidence informed practice
It has a broader scope, a lowing for flexibility in evidence, and must be reliable and relevant to your patient and clients: patient values and clinical experience.
Sackett
physician of evidence-based knowledge, father of evidence in 1966
Optimum care for an individual
the evidence might not be best for all. Depends on your patient
The traditional hierarchy of evidence is also called what
Quality of evidence
Paradigms
is a set of beliefs, values, and practices that shape how we understand and approach a particular field or problem. It’s like a framework or model that guides thinking and research within a discipline (how might we understand the truth)
Epistemology
how we think about knowledge (what do I think is truth)
Methodology
A framework that guides the entire research project and processes, ways to collect data (ground theory, phenomenology, ethnography) (Plan of action/ strategy behind your research methods and linking choices of methods to outcomes)
Data collection is what
o Interviews
o Focuses groups
o Observation
o Images
o Documents
Data analysis
Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing interviews and explore and examine your data.
Positivism
a philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof. It assumes that there is one truth and asserts that all authentic knowledge allows verification. Deductive approach. Hard science
Constructivism and interpretivism
aims to understand and explain human and social reality and focuses on interpreting the social life world within its cultural context. (starts with observations and builds theory)
Constructivism vs interpretivism
constructivism focuses on how knowledge is created, while interpretivism emphasizes understanding individuals’ interpretations of the world
Subjectivism
knowledge is merely subjective and there is no external or objective truth, individual experience is truth. There is no “single” truth to be discovered, truths are experienced and can be conducted.
Objectivism
things exist as meaningful entities independently of consciousness and experience, concerned with objective truth which can be attained through empirical research. tries to understand human behavior and social context. Highly contextualized qualitative data.
Bias
deviation from the truth, its not random it pulls the data into one direction. False conclusion or misleading information
Positionality
Positionality refers to the awareness of how one’s personal background, identity, and experiences (such as race, gender, class, and culture) influence their perspective and approach to research or any situation. It highlights that a person’s position in society shapes how they see and interpret the world.
Reflective practice
about learning from experience, evaluating what went well and what didn’t, planning for next time, aims to enhance patient care, part of the CNO code of conduct.
Reflexivity
Is a thinking practices are about becoming more aware of your thoughts and actions while reflexivity goes deeper, acknowledges viewpoints, positionality, assumptions and beliefs. (critical self evaluation)
Reflexivity in research
is the process of a researcher critically reflecting on how their own biases, beliefs, and experiences may influence the research process, from data collection to interpretation.
Constructivist/interpretivist researcher
acknowledges their influence on the research process.
Societal Ethics
normative basis for how one should behave within a society, agreed to adhere to those “rules”
Organizational ethics
ethics by which an organization agrees to adhere to, ie. Investment banking
Professional ethics
standards that a profession agrees to adhere to (nurse, teachers, accountants). ie CNO
Bioethics
relates to ethics within a biological science, bioethics examines the research done with human and animals.
Personal ethics
ones ethical foundation and values are shapes and intersected with other categories, risk of potential conflicts within other ethic groups
Social justice
The fair treatment and equitable status of all individuals and social groups within a state or
society.
Research and evidence informed practice
aim of health research to improve quality of care, it helps us to understand what works, what doesn’t work and why.
Why did formal research ethics come in
as a result of unethical medical practices
Declaration of Helsinki 1964
o Research with humans should be based on the results from laboratory and animal experimentation
o Research ethics committee
o Informed/recorded/written consent
o Research must be conducted by medically or scientifically qualified individuals
o Risks should not exceed benefits
Nuremberg Code 1948
o Informed consent
o Research for good of society
o Benefits of the research need to outweigh risks
o Safety and well-being is more important than research
Led to Belmont Report 1976
o Investigations must respect autonomy of research of participants (has the right to say no whenever)
o Beneficence, do no harm
o Injustice to humans in research is also an ethical transgression
o 1978 first introduction of ethics boards
when were the guildlines revised
1987
when year did they decided to respect person, concern for welfare
1995
OCAP and ethics considerations with conduction research with first nations
o Respect for persons, continuity with cultures and identities
o Concern for welfare, physical, social, economic and cultural and environment
Comon risks and ethical issues in qualitative research
o Recruitment
o Data collection
o Dissemination
Recruitment
undue inducement and coercion
Data collection
informed consent, emotion and physically
Dissemination
giving information out to the public
sample
a group of people, objects or items that are taken from a larger population to research
Total population
specific to the people in the research question
Inclusion and exclusion
criteria allows you to describe who and what and will not be entered into a study, definitive and those that might be flexible.
Qualitative samples can NEVER be
random, representative of the population, calculated using power calculations
Information power
guide adequate sample size for qualitative studies. Information power indicates that the more information the sample holds, relevant for the actual study, the lower amount of participants is needed.
Purposeful sampling
story to the question I have
Maximum variation sampling
I want the full story (the outliers)
Snowball sampling
just keeps getting bigger
Convenience sampling
first person through the door
Theoretical sampling
changes as you build a theory, theoretically driven with purposeful sampling
Qualitative interview
Allows you to explore and understand perspective/experiences from participants point of view
Closed/structured interview
often more formal, survey like
Semi-structured interview
most frequent used approach
Open interview
typically used in narrative/ biographical research
Focused groups
understanding a groups perspective more so than individual perspective
Field notes
Observation data are documented in field notes that contain detailed information about setting, participants, and activity associated with the topic of interest. current, prior or immediately after
Descriptive coding
separate a phrase or word and tag it with a code. The code describes a data group and separates the information into defined categories or themes.
In Vivo coding
uses words from the participants own languages in the codes, prioritises patients voice, often marked differently to descriptive coding.
ethnography
collecting data through observations and interviews on a society group
Phenomenology
experiences and events that is studied and analyzed
Ground theory
As they analyze the data, a theory “emerges” from the ground up
tri- council
respect for person, welfare and justice
Unethical research trials
Syphilis study, residential schools, Henrietta lack
constructivist paradigm
thoughts through individuals and their environment
5 R’s
- respect - with participants
- relationships - meaningful
- relevance - has a purpose in the community
- responsibility - no harm
- reciprocity - mutual benefits should serve a purpose
Two eyed seeing
combining both Western knowledge and Indigenous knowledge to have a balanced understanding
