Nursing Final Flashcards
What 7 factors are included in “Patient Signalment”?
Breed, Species, Age, Gender, Reproductive status, colors, distinctive markings
What is the normal range for HR in a dog?
Dog: 70-160 bpm
What is the normal range for HR in a cat?
Cat: 150-210 bpm
What is the normal range for RR in a dog and cat?(both the same)
15-30 rpm for both
What is the appropriate method for correcting a written error on a medical document?
Using pen, scratch one line through the mistake, followed by your initials and the date, and if possible a witness as well.
What is the normal CRT for a dog and cat?
Less than 2 seconds
Who has legal access to a patient’s medical file?
The primary owner on file
What does CRT stand for, and why are we checking this?
Capillary Refill Time - a way to assess blood flow to extremities (Tissue perfusion)
What are the 5 vitals we assess on every patient?
1) Temp
2) HR
3) RR
4) CRT
5) MM
What is the normal temperature range for a dog?
Dog: 37.5-39 degrees C
What is the normal temperature range for a cat?
Cat: 38 - 39 degrees C
What are the 5 colours of mucous membranes, and what does each indicate?
1) White - Anemia, Hypothermia, pain
2) Pink - Normal perfusion
3) Brick red - Hypervolemia, shock, toxicity
4) Yellow - Jaundice - liver damage
5) Blue - Cyanotic - no oxygen
How do we assess the hydration status in a patient?
1) Skin turgor - tenting the skin, assess how long it takes to return to normal
2) Mucous membrane moisture - should be slick to the touch
3 reasons why we vaccinate animals?
1) To protect public - zoonotic disease
2) To treat or prevent disease
3) To lessen severity of disease and/or duration of disease
What are the 3 types of vaccine technology we use in veterinary medicine?
1) Modified Live Vaccine (MLV) – virus or bacteria has been altered or weakened so it cannot cause clinical disease
2) Killed Vaccines (KV) – virus or bacteria has been killed, rendered harmless
3) Recombinant Vaccine (RV) – A small portion of virus or bacterial DNA is removed and implanted into a benign host
What are 2 common vaccine side effects?
Side effects that are expected because the immune system is mounting a response to the vx
1) mild pain at the injection site
2) mild lethargy, both resolving in 24h
Explain why there are common vaccine side effects and how they differ from adverse reactions.
Side effects that are expected, the immune system is mounting a response to the vx
&
Adverse reactions are reactions that last longer and are more severe than the expected immune response.
What are 7 Adverse vaccine reactions?
Adverse reactions
- Reaction lasts longer and is more severe than expected immune response
1) anaphylaxis
2) Hives
3) Itching
4) swelling
5) vomiting
6) diarrhea
7) ongoing pain and lethargy beyond 24h
What is the purpose of antibody titer testing?
To assess antibody levels in a patient - see if there are enough antibodies against a pathogen for the patient to be considered protected
What are the 5 rights of medication?
1- Right patient
2- Right drug
3 - Right dose
4 - Right route
5 - Right time
What does the S in SOAP stand for, what is an example?
Subjective – chief complaint, history of illness, history, current meds, allergies
What does the SOAP stand for?
S - Subjective
O - Objective
A - Assesment
P - Plan
What does the O in SOAP stand for, what is an example?
Objective – vital signs, PE findings, diagnostics
What does the A stand for in SOAP, what is an example?
Assessment – problem, rule outs
What does the P stand for in SOAP, what is an example?
Plan – details needed for further testing and consultation
What are 7 questions to ask an owner when booking a vaccine appointment?
1) Are they on any parasite control?
2) Any vomiting or diarrhea?
3) Any coughing or sneezing?
4) Eating and drinking normally?
5) Normal energy levels
6) Have they reacted to any vaccines in the past?
7) Are their records up to date here?
How does wound contamination differ from wound infection?
Contamination
- microorganisms loosely attached to the wound
Infection
- microorganisms multiply, bind to tissue, and illicit an immune response
Define wound Contamination
Microorganisms loosely attached to the wound
Define wound infection
Microorganisms multiply, bind to tissue, and illicit an immune response
What are the 4 wound categories, with an example of each?
1) Clean – surgical incisions
2) Clean/contaminated – surgical wounds with minor breaks in aseptic technique
3) Contaminated – fresh traumatic injuries, fractures, penetrating wounds
4) Dirty – grossly contaminated, abscess, necrosis, older than 4h
Briefly describe the 4 phases of wound healing
Phase 1- Hemostasis
Phase 2 - Inflammatory
Phase 3 - Proliferative stage
Phase 4 - Maturation
Phase 1) Hemostasis: stop the bleeding
Phase 2) Inflammatory
–Begins immediately and lasts 3-5 days, the wound is weakest, clotting, and debridement (via macrophages)
Phase 3) Proliferative stage – begins after 2-3 days, wound is rebuilt with collagen, epithelialization, granulation, wound contracts
Phase 4) Maturation
– begins at week 3, lasts for months, remodeling of collagen fibers, wound fully closes and gains maximum strength
What are the 4 phases of wound healing
Phase 1- Hemostasis
Phase 2 - Inflammatory
Phase 3 - Proliferative stage
Phase 4 - Maturation
2 types of wounds and 2 potential causes
1) Acute wounds
- Surgical incisions, blunt trauma, bite wounds, burns, gunshots, and avulsion injuries.
2) Chronic wounds
- Determined by underlying pathology, may take months or years to heal completely
- pressure sores, diabetic ulcers and vascular ulcers
What 5 factors effect wound healing?
1) Age
2) Disease
3) Nutrition
4) Degree of contamination
5) length of time it’s been open
6) Concurrent treatments - Chemotherapy, Steroids
What 5 items would you find in a first aid kit?
1) Bandages
2) Gauze
3) Scissors
4) Gloves
5)Tape
6) Antiseptic wipes
7) Blankets
8) Tongue depressors
What are 5 questions to ask an owner who’s dog is vomiting?
1) When did it start?
2) Could they have gotten into something?
3) How often are they vomiting?
4) What does the vomit look like? Bile or food?
5) Energy level?
6) Up to date on vaccines?
7) Parasite control?
8) Eating/drinking?
In terms of emergency medicine, what does “ABC” stand for?
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
What does “Triage” mean?
Sorting patients by the severity of their condition - in order of most life-threatening to least
What is a “Crash Cart”?
A mobile unit stocked with all emergency supplies and drugs
What are 5 questions to ask an owner with a constipated cat?
1) When was the last normal bowel movement?
2) Is there any urine in the litterbox?
3) Eating/drinking?
4) Licking at genital area?
5) Any history of either constipation or urinary issues?
6) Gender and age of cat
7 points for How you would advise an owner to monitor a bandage at home?
1) Recheck if pet starts licking or chewing at it
2) Check for toe swelling if the toes are left out
3) Cover before going outside
4) Recheck if the bandage gets dirty or wet
5) Recheck if any odour
6) Do not try to replace bandage themselves
7) Always call if they have any questions
If a pet has ingested a toxicity, what 6 questions would you ask the owner?
1) Species and age of the animal
2) Toxic agent ( if known)
3) Amount ingested and strength if a medication
4) How long ago ingested
5) Rough weight of the animal.
6) Symptoms animal is displaying
Any other underlying illness or medications
What are 6-12 common toxicities that can be found in or around the home?
1) Chocolate
2) Grapes/raisins
3) THC products
4) NSAID’s
5) Xylitol
6) Raw dough
7) Caffeine
8) Nicotine
9) Lilies
10) owner medications
11) Anti-freeze
12) Permethrins
When a cat becomes blocked, they are unable to void waste products from their body.
One electrolyte builds up to toxic levels, causing death.
What is it?
which organ does it affect?
Potassium
- affects the heart
- elevations can cause cardiac arrest
4 reasons why nutrition is so important for sick patients?
1) Immune system function
2) Tissue synthesis for healing
3) GI function
4) Regulating physiological function
List the 4 methods of delivering enteral nutrition
1) Naso-esophageal
2) Esophagostomy
3) Gastronomy
4) Jejunostomy
What is refeeding syndrome and how can we avoid it?
- Feeding food to quickly can cause organ shut down, leading to death.
Avoided by -Introduceing small volumes of food slowly (4-6 small meals – 25% of cals on day 1, gradually increasing until day 4-5 when all daily calories are offered)
Dystocia means?
Difficulty giving birth
What is the purpose of Oxytocin?
Stimulates uterine contractions
What does Eclampsia mean?
Low calcium levels
What are the 4 routes of fluid therapy?
1) IV
2) IO
3) SQ
4) IP
What 8 questions should you ask an owner with a pet in dystocia?
1) What is the female doing now?
2) What concerns prompted the owner to call?
3) What is the age and breed of the female?
4) What is the breed of the male who bred with her?
5) Is the due date known?
6) Does the owner know how many puppies/kittens exist?
7) Have any fetuses been delivered?
8) Is the female actively pushing?
What are the 2 Core vaccines for dogs?
Rabies, DA2PP
Briefly describe the 3 stages of parturition
Stage 1) Animal becomes restless/ nesting behaviour/ may go off food/ temp drops by 1 degree
Stage 2) Active uterine contractions/ dilation of cervix
Stage 3) Expulsion of the fetus and amniotic sac
List the 4 stages of the ovarian cycle
1) Proestrus
2) Estrus
3) Diestrus
4) Anestrus
What are the 2 core vaccines for cats?
Rabies, FVRCP
What are the 3 non-core vaccines for dogs?
Bordetella, Lyme, Lepto
What is the non-core vaccine for cats?
FeLV
Why do we dry ears after a cleaning, before instilling medication?
Some cleaners can inactivate the medication
When giving eye drops AND eye ointments, which needs to be administered first, and how long do you separate each medication?
Eye drops go in first so they can fully absorb, wait 5 minutes before applying the ointment
Patient is a 65 lb Labrador retriever that requires 0.1 mg/kg of meloxicam (0.5mg/ml) SID
How many mL should it receive?
Step 1 - convert lb to kg
65 lbs ÷ 2.2 = 29.5 kg
* 29.5 kg x 0.1 mg/kg = 2.95 mg
* 29.5 kg x 0.1 mg/kg = 2.95 mg
* 2.95 mg ÷ 0.5 mg/mL = 5.91 mL
* 2.95 mg ÷ 0.5 mg/mL = 5.91 mL
the patient should receive 5.9ml SID for the recommended length of time
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