Nursing Care of Acute Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders include

A

public education (helmets, seat belts, DUIs) and healthy bones, joints, muscles, diet and exercise

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2
Q

What laboratory tests would you assess for a pt with musculoskeletal disorder?

A

Serum ca, PO4 (phosphate), alk phos and CBC

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3
Q

What diagnostic tests would you assess for a pt with musculoskeletal disorder?

A

X-ray, CT, MRI, arthroscopy and bone scans

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4
Q

What other general assessment would you perform?

A

Inspection, palpation, gait analysis, use of assistive devices (canes, walkers, splints) and ROM

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5
Q

What general s/sx would you see?

A

Pain, deformity (abnormal angles), swelling, loss of motor function and change in sensory fxn

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6
Q

Bruise without skin break is known as

A

Contusion

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7
Q

What is a strain?

A

Excessive stretching of a muscle or tendon when it is weak or unstable

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8
Q

How would you manage a strain?

A

Cold and heat applications, exercise and activity limitations, anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants and possible surgery

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9
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Excessive stretching of a ligament

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10
Q

How would you manage a sprain?

A

1st degree: rest, ice for 24 to 48 hrs, compression bandage and elevation
2nd degree: immobilization, partial weight bearing as tear heals
3rd degree: immobilization for 4 to 6 weeks, possible surgery

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11
Q

What is crush syndrome?

A

Can occur when leg or arm injury includes multiple compartments. It is characterized by acute compartment syndrome, hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, rhabdomyolosis and acute tubular necrosis

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12
Q

What is the treatment for crush syndrome?

A

Adequate intervenous fluids, low dose dopamine, sodium bicarbonate, kayexalate and hemodialysis

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13
Q

In an emergent situation, what would you assess for a pt in trauma?

A

Respiratory distress, bleeding and head injury

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14
Q

Discontinuity or a break in the bone is known as

A

general bone fracture

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15
Q

Temporary displacement of two bones and loss of contact between articular cartilage is known as

A

dislocation

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16
Q

What is sublaxation?

A

Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost

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17
Q

Dislocation and sublaxation are associated with what?

A

Fractures, muscle imbalance, rheumatoid arthritis, or other forms of joint instability

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18
Q

Dislocation is most common in the

A

shoulder, hip, knee and fingers

19
Q

What sequence of events occur in the healing process?

A

Hematoma formation (24-28 hrs), consolidation, fibrin mesh (10 days to 3 weeks), granulation/new bone (3-6 weeks), callus formation (3-6 months) and remodeling

20
Q

What are some of the healing variables?

A

Type and severity of fracture, nutrient supply, amount of gap, degree of immobilization, amount of infection, necrosis, age and concomitant disease

21
Q

What are the surgery options for fractures?

A

Open reduction w/ internal fixation (ORIF), amputation, application of external devices

22
Q

What are electromechanical treatments for fractures?

A

Closed reduction, splints, casts, wraps, traction, cold, elevation, ROM, weight bearing

23
Q

What are the two main complications that can occur during musculoskeletal surgery?

A

Fat embolism and venous thromboembolism

24
Q

This occurs when fat globules are released from the yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream

A

Fat embolism syndrome (FES)

25
Q

Name other complications of fracture surgeries

A

Compartment syndrome, shock, thrombophlebitis, DVT, emboli, nerve injury, infections, allergy, fracture blisters, delayed union, nonunion and malunion

26
Q

What is acute compartment syndrome?

A

It is a serious condition in which increased pressure within one or more compartments causes massive compromise of circulation to the area

27
Q

Within 4 to 6 hrs after the onset of ACS, what can happen in an emergent situation?

A

Neuromuscular damage becomes irreversible and the limb can become useless within 24 to 48 hours

28
Q

What results can occur in ACS?

A

Infection, motor weakness, Volkmann’s contractures, myoglobinuric renal failure aka rhabdomyolosis

29
Q

Other complications of fractures include

A

infection, ischemic necrosis, fracture blisters, delayed union, nonunion and malunion

30
Q

Application of a pulling force to the body to provide reduction, alignment and rest at the site is known as

A

Traction

31
Q

Traction care includes:

A

Maintain correct balance between traction pull and countertraction force, care of weights, skin inspection, pin care and assessment of neurovascular status

32
Q

This is a rigid device that immoblizes the affected body part while allowing other body parts to move

A

Cast

33
Q

What are some cast complications?

A

Infection, circulation, impairment, peripheral nerve damage and complications of immobility

34
Q

What are some common nursing diagnoses and interventions for casts?

A

Acute pain, immobility, sensory deficit r/t decreased perfusion, nerve damage, risk of injury, hemorrhage, compartment syndrome, and risk of infection

35
Q

Interventions for acute pain include:

A

reduction and immobilization of fracture, assessment of pain, drug therapy (opioid and nonopioid), complementary and alternative therapies

36
Q

Interventions for infection include:

A

Strict aseptic technique for dressing changes and wound irrigations, assess for local inflammation, report purulent drainage immediately to hcp, assess for pneumonia and UTI and administer broad spectrum ATB prophylactically

37
Q

Interventions for physical mobility include:

A

use of crutches to promote mobility, use of walkers and canes to promote mobility, CPM continuous passive mobilizers, skin care, turn Q2hrs and elevate injured area

38
Q

Interventions for imbalanced nutrition include:

A

less than body requirements, diet high in protein, calories, calcium, supplemental vitamins B and C, frequent small feedings and supplements of high protein liquids, and intake of foods high in iron

39
Q

ATB, analgesics, splints, drainage and surgery are all treatment options for

A

Osteomyelitis

40
Q

What are the indications for amputation?

A

DDD - dead, dangerous and damn nuisance

41
Q

What are some complications of amputation?

A

Hemorrhage, infection, phantom limb pain, problems associated with immobility, neuroma and flexion contracture

42
Q

This is a frequent complication of amputation

A

Phantom limb pain

43
Q

What treatment options are there for amputation?

A

Exercise, ROM to prevent flexion contractures, particularly of the hip and knee, trapeze and overhead frame, firm mattress, prone position every 3 to 4 hours and elevation of lower leg residual limb controversial