NURSERY DZ Flashcards
piglets are separated from sow at what age?
24-28 d/o (6 kg) → 78-84 d/0 (18-20 kg)
epidemic triangle
Agent
Host
Environment
T/F: vax pigs have a low likelihood of diarrhea
T
nursery pigs age
weaning up to 80d
why piglets are the most susceptible to dz?
- unable to thermoregulate
- developing bodily fx (immune system, GIT)
- rely on maternal Abs
disadvantages of solid wet concrete
- poor insulator
- more exposed to stress factors
advantages of wooden slat (impractical in PH)
- higher resistance
_____________ concrete is used in the PH
metal
cold stress dz can lead to?
diarrhea and respi dz
feeds are not properly digested if these enzymes are low
amylase and lipase
T/F: vax against dz not present in your area is practical
T - should be skipped
swine blood collection site
- aorta (risky)
- jugular v. (favored)
- ear v. (collapses easily)
how long do piglets stay in the farrowing pen?
5-7d
ideal time for transferring piglets to nursery
cooler time of the day (early morning or late afternoon)
condition where piglets after weaning refuse to eat and can be depressed resulting to decreased feed and water intake, and weight gain
weaning lag
water intake after weaning:
Day 1 = ?
Day 2-3 = ?
- drop
- increase
if diarrhea is observed, dry feed should be withdrawn and wet feeding should be done during _____________
morning
gruel combination
1 kg feed + 8 L water + 50 g electrolytes
PRRS effects on early mid-term and late-term sows
early = little adverse
late = SMEDI
T/F: piglets that have PRRS and survived in utero infxn die early due to respi distress
T
Infected piglets with PRRS in womb are not expected to live long due to _________
interstitial pneumonia
MOT of PRRS
direct contact, feces, oral and nasal secretions, semen, fomites, aerosol
3 stages of PRRS
- acute - viremia target cells attacked (LO, MO)
- persistence - subclinical, decreased shedding and viremia stops
- extinction - end of shedding, cleared, body manages to fight the virus
persistent infxn whrein the virus is eventually cleared (_________ DPI)
chronic persistent infxn (100-145 DPI)
where does PRRS virus replicate?
MO and lymphoid tissue
mechanisms to subvert immune response
- inhibit caspase-dependent apoptosis
- suppress type-1 interferon response - for cell death
- use of decoy epitopes (limits neutralizing Ab response)
PRRS characteristic lesion
interstitial pneumonia + LN enlargement
PRRS diagnosis
CS, ELISA, immunohistochem, RT-PCR, VN (virus neutralization) assay
how long is herd (infected w/ PRRS) closure
26 weeks
T/F: total depopulation should be done to farms infected w/ PRRS
F - partial (test and remove)
T/F: pigs who recovered from PRRS are typically immune
T
PRRS virus are susceptible to?
phenols, glutaraldehyde, phenolics, quaternary
T/F: PRRS virus is easily destroyed in dry fomites
T
other term for PRRS
mystery pig dz, blue ear pig dz
causative agent of mycoplasma pneumonia
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
other term for mycoplasma pneumonia
porcine enzootic pneumonia
- lethal pneumonia affecting piglets
- coughing, dyspnea, wasting
mycoplasma pneumonia lesions are concentrated on the _________ portions of the lungs (w/out necrotic areas)
apical
T/F: mycoplasma pneumonia can be transmitted horizontally and vertically
T
T/F: mycoplasma pneumonia is prone to secondary infxn
T - Haemophilus, Pasteurella
Mycoplasma pneumonia diagnosis
CS, isolation, serology, PCR
waste materials can accumulate _______
ammonia - can destroy galvanized iron
causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
other term for porcine pleuropneumoniae
APP (actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) - causing fatal fibrinous, hemorrhagic, necrotizing pneumonia, lung hemorrhaging, fibrinous exudation
APP is eradicated in ______
North America
APP CS
bloody exudates
MOT of APP
direct contact, droplets, subclinical carriers
APP virulence factors
- RTX and APX toxin
- capsular factors
- fimbriae
- adhesins
- LPS
- hemolysin
- cytotoxin
- permeability factors
O antigen inhibits _____
phagocytosis
virulence factors can cause
- pores in CM
- damage capillaries and alveolar walls
- vascular leakage
- thrombosis
- impaired phagocytic fxn
- failure of clearance mechanisms
T/F: Mycoplasma infxn can cause necrotic lesions
F
APP diagnosis
CS, necropsy, serology, isolation
APP vax at what age
45-50 d/o then repeat at finisher farms
APP antibiotics
enrofloxacin, tiamulin, lincomycin, tilmicosin
T/F: Spanish flu is related to Swine flu
T
Swine influenza causative agent
influenza virus A
swine flu related to humans
H1N1
IAV subtypes are defined by their ________________ and _____________ gycoproteins
hemagglutinin (H1-18) and neuraminidase (N1-10)
w/c is more dangerous antigenic drift or antigenic shift?
anti shift
MOT of swine flu
- animal movement
- contact w/ oronasal secretions
- aerosols
swine flu virus is shed mainly thru __________
respi tract
T/F: swine flu can cause rubbery, meaty lungs
T
_____________ lead to typical lung inflam and dz
cytokine storms
T/F: swine flu is not zoonotic
F
Swine flu diagnosis
HI test, isolation, serology, RT-PCR
T/F: vax pigs against swine flu
T - especially in high risk areas
species of rotavirus that affect swine
A, B, C
T/F: sow can be the source of rotavirus upon depletion of protective IgA in milk
T
main target cell of rotavirus
epithelial cells of SI (jejunal and ileal)
rotavirus IP
24-48 hr
rotavirus virus is mainly shed on _______
feces
rotavirus diagnosis
CS, isolation, serology, PCR, necropsy
T/F: pigs infected rotavirus are ideally removed
F - pathogen is ubiquitous; immune system may fight it off
causative agents of necrotic enteritis
Clostridium perfringens/difficile
most potent Clostridium species
Type C
necrotic enteritis MOT
feco-oral
main virulence factor of C. perfringens type C
CPB toxin
piglets develop hemorrhagic diarrhea __________ after exposure
8-22 hr
necrotic enteritis antibiotics
penicillin, ceftiofur
T/F: Clostridium pores may be dormant
T
causative agent of neonatal hemorrhage and necrotic enteritis
C. perfringens type C
presumptive cause of necrotizing enteritis
C. perfringens type A
causative agent of neonatal necrotic enterityplocolitis
C. diffficile
T/F: gas gangrene is neurotoxic
F - histotoxic
T/F: blackleg, tetanus, botulism is histotoxic
F - neurotoxic
causative agent of porcine coccidiosis
Isospora suis or Cytoisospora suis
T/F: coccidiosis is high risk in facilities using concrete floor
T
coccidiosis can cause _________ diarrhea
yellowish-gray
coccidiosis can cause _________ diarrhea
yellowish-gray
infective stage of Coccidia
sporozoites
antiprotozoal for coccidiosis
amprolium
T/F: pigs are accidental host of Toxoplasma
T - not produce lesions
T/F: Sarcocystis spp is not pathogenic in pigs
T - no negative effects/CS
T/F: Giardia is zoonotic
T (tx: metronidazole)
intestinal roundworms = ?
tapeworm = ?
stomach worm = ?
nodular worm = ?
lung worm = ?
- Ascaris suum
- Taenia solium
- Hyostrongylus rubidus
- Oesophagostomum dentatum
- Metastrongylus
*all are zoonotic
T/F: endoparasite infxn can cause milk spots on liver
T - due to migration of ascaris larvae
endoparasites tx
- avermectin - effective for everything except tapeworm
- praziquantel - tapeworm
- benzimidazole
causative agent of staphylococcal infxn
Staphylococcus hyicus
other term for staphylococcal infxn
greasy pig dz, exudative epidermitis
T/F: toxigenic S. hyicus is commonly found in clinical cases
T
exfoliative toxins of Staph infxn
ExhA, B, C, D
ShetA, B
T/F: Staph infxn is commonly seen in >6 wk old
F: <6 wk old
Staph infxn MOT
- farrowing
- contact (fighting among piglets)
- horizontal
- vertical
fleas, lice =?
mites = ?
tick =?
- Haematopinus suis
- Sarcoptes, Demodex
- Ornithodorus - biological vectors
T/F: stable flies (Stomoxys) is asscociated w/ ASF spread
T
drug for exoparasite
Amitraz (powder form)
causative agent of peudorabies
Suid Herpesvirus 1
other term for pseudorabies
Aujeszky
mortality rate of PRV on sows and piglets
sow = 50% SMEDI
piglets = 100% CNS
secondary hosts of PRV
dog, cattle, rat
coronavirus affecting swine
- pHEV
- PRCv
diarrhea -causing:
3. PED
4. TGE
5. PDCov
TGE infxn form where most animals are seronegative and susceptible; quick spread on all ages
epidemic
form of TGE infxn where there is viral persistence in herd; piglet mortality = 10-20%
endemic
T/F: PEDv infxn in breeder farm is self-limiting
T - lactating sows develop Abs (lactogenic immunity)
way to address TGE or PEDv
backfeeding
country where ASF is discovered
Kenya
target cells of ASF
macrophage, platelets
T/F: splenomegaly is common in ASF infxn
T
other term ofr colibacillosis
edema dz (creamy fluid), white scour
5 strains of E. coli
- ETEC
- EPEC
- STEC
- EDEC
- coliform mastitis E. coli
ammonia build up is caused by:
- poor ventilation
- poor hygiene
- poor environmental management
dangerous ammonia level
> 15 PPM
deficiency in musculature in a body cavity w/c leads to external displacement of internal organs
hernia
types of hernia
- abdominal
- inguinal
- umbilical
T/F: hernias grow larger as the animal age
T
surgical repair of hernia must be done at _________
7-10 d/o
T/F: piglets w/ recurrent hernia is repaired
F - culled
cannibalism is due to what deficiency
salt deficiency
T/F: sizing up prevents bullying
T
congenital defect where in large areas of skin did not develop properly
aplasia cutis
