NURS 3117 nursing research II

Question 1

Define paradigm.

Answer 1

A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.

Question 2

Define positivism.

Answer 2

Assumes that there is one truth, and asserts that all authentic knowledge allows verification.

Positivists attempt to identify causes, associations, and correlations which influence outcomes.

A philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof.

Question 3

Name a term that defines the following definition:

A philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof.

Answer 3

Positivism

Question 4

What is a clinical question and how do you frame it?

Answer 4

A question that arises from a clinical situation and is used as a basis to search literature.
PICO (T)

Question 5

A research question focuses on ________.
(3 possible answers)

Answer 5

1. describing variables
2. specifying the population being studied.
3. examining testable relationships among variables.

Question 6

What are variables?

Answer 6

A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted.
EXAMPLES: age, sex, socioeconomic class, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye colour, etc.

Question 7

T/F:
The independent variable (X) stand’s alone and is not changed by the other variables.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

The dependent variable (Y) is being ________ in an experiment.

Answer 8

answers: measured, observed, tested

Question 9

Determine the independent and dependent variables:

Does vitamin C intake prevent influenza in older people?

Answer 9

independent: vitamin C
dependant: influenza

Question 10

Determine the independent and dependent variables:

Did the “back to back” campaign improve SIDS rates in newborn infants?

Answer 10

independent: back-to-back campaign
dependant: SIDS rates

Question 11

Determine the independent and dependent variables:

Does eating spinach give you bigger muscles?

Answer 11

independent: eating spinach
dependant: bigger muscles

Question 12

Define “a priori”.

Answer 12

A formal statement of expected relationships between two or more variables in a specified population that suggests an answer to the research question.
AKA formal word for the hypothesis.

Question 13

Relationship statement; define causal.

Answer 13

cause and effect versus associative

Question 14

Relationship statement; define simple..

Answer 14

relationship between two variables. The relationship can exist but may not be causal.

Question 15

Relationship statement; define directional.

Answer 15

states which way the relationship should exist.

Question 16

Relationship statement; define non-directional.

Answer 16

states that the relationship exists, but not the direction.

Question 17

A true experiment is __________, has a _________, and consists of manipulation.

Answer 17

1. randomized
2. control group

Question 18

What is the goal of randomization?

Answer 18

The aim is to make an allocation to the two groups (control and experimental) random so there is an equal probability for an individual to be assigned to any given group.

Question 19

What is allocation concealment used for (related to randomization)?

Answer 19

allocation concealment is used to prevent selection bias. Groups should be equal at the outset. An example is a researcher who does not know which is the experimental group and which is the control group.

Question 20

What is double blinding?

Answer 20

A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over. This makes the results of the study less likely to be biased.

Question 21

What is a randomized control trial?

Answer 21

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental form of impact evaluation in which the population receiving the intervention is chosen at random from the eligible population, and a control group is also chosen at random from the same eligible population.

Question 22

When are RCTs the “right” design?

Answer 22

• to test the cause and effect of treatment and outcome
• highly important for medical interventions, particularly medication research where the focus is on the efficacy of a treatment.
• RCTs are the only research design that can test cause and effect

Question 23

T/F
RCTs are the golden standard.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Name 3 “cons” of RCTS.

Answer 24

1. overreliance on RCTs and discounting other evidence and knowledge.
2. may not answer the questions of how and for whom a certain treatment is best
3. transferability to other populations (Western medicine is not transferable to other world healthcare systems).
4. some interventions should not and cannot be verified by RTC (ethical and pragmatic reasons).

Question 25

What is a confounder?

Answer 25

a variable that influences both the dependent and independent variable, causing a spurious association, hence correlation does not imply causation.

Question 26

What does clinical equipoise mean?

Answer 26

It provides an ethical basis for RCTS.

There is not one “better” intervention present during the design of an RCT. A true state of clinical equipoise exists when one has no good basis for a choice between two or more care options.

Question 27

Define the Hawthorne effect.

Answer 27

Participants modify their behaviors because they are aware that they are being watched or observed.

Question 28

Define intention to treat.

Answer 28

refers to the analysis of the results of an experiment is based on the initial treatment assignment and not on the treatment eventually received.

Question 29

What are non-experimental designs?

Answer 29

• focus on the kind of relationship that naturally occurring variables have with one another and in what way.
• observational studies
• can be descriptive or analytical
• the basis of epidemiological research

Question 30

How is nursing research significant to the profession of nursing?
a. It allows nursing responsibility to be more specifically defined.
b. It allows liability within the practice of nursing to be decreased.
c. It allows a specialized body of knowledge to be generated for use in health care delivery.
d. It allows the scope of nursing practice to be expanded into areas formerly reserved for other disciplines.

Answer 30

ANS: C

Correct C: Theory-based nursing research provides a foundation for evidence-based nursing care. Nursing research generates a specialized scientific knowledge base that empowers the nursing profession to anticipate and meet constantly shifting challenges of health care delivery to multiple populations.

Question 31

Why do nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process?
a. To identify potential subjects for clinical research studies
b. To assist as accurate data collectors in clinical research studies
c. To teach patients and families the usefulness of consenting to participate in research
d. To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice

Answer 31

ANS: D

Correct D: Nurses should be able to understand the research process by reading research reports and deciding whether they should modify their practice based on research evidence

Question 32

Which action demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research?
a. Designing a research study
b. Analyzing data to determine outcomes
c. Evaluating the credibility of the research findings
d. Implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical study

Answer 32

ANS: C

Correct C: A consumer of nursing research needs to understand the research process to determine the merit and relevance of evidence for research studies.

Question 33

In designating the research functions of the nursing staff, which function would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate nursing degree?
a. Use skills of critical appraisal to understand and appraise the steps of the research process
b. Provide expert consulting about the way in which clinical services are delivered.
c. Develop methods to monitor the quality of nursing practice in the clinical setting
d. Provide leadership in applying scientific knowledge in nursing practice

Answer 33

ANS: A

Correct A: A baccalaureate-prepared nurse should be able to use skills of critical appraisal to both understand and appraise the steps of the research process.

Question 34

Which statement regarding the role of the nurse in research is true?
a. Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate level or higher to have any role in nursing research.
b. Master’s-prepared nurses (MSN, MN, or MS degrees) are primarily responsible for using the findings of nursing research in clinical practice.
c. The research role of both the baccalaureate- and master’s-prepared nurse calls for skills of critical appraisal.
d. Regardless of nursing education, the only nurse who should interpret research findings is the one who has the most comprehensive understanding of statistical analysis methods.

Answer 34

ANS: C

Correct C: To use research (evidence-based practice), the nurse must not necessarily be able to conduct research but should be able to understand and appraise the steps of the research process to read the research literature critically and use it to inform clinical decisions.

Question 35

What action or strategy limits rather than promotes the depth of nursing research?
a. Addressing physiologic and psychological responses to actual or potential health problems
b. Employing qualitative methods and quantitative methods in the same study
c. Developing programs of research that build on prior investigations
d. Using singular measures to assess phenomena

Answer 35

ANS: D

Correct D: Using a single measure will not allow a researcher to examine the complexity of human phenomena

Question 36

What is the overall value of developing evidence-based nursing practice?
a. Implementation of the most cost-effective nursing practice patterns
b. Allowing the nurse to use the best available evidence, individual clinical expertise, and the patient’s values and preferences in making clinical decisions
c. Separation of nursing research from the research of other disciplines
d. Development of new nursing theories

Answer 36

ANS: B

Correct B: Evidence-based practice allows you to systematically use the best available evidence with the integration of individual clinical expertise as well as the patient’s values and preferences in making clinical decisions

Question 37

How can a novice nurse researcher recognize the difference in the research process and the evidence-based practice process?
a. As scientifically based processes, they are fundamentally the same and should result in congruent outcomes.
b. Both processes result in testing a question with an appropriate design and specific methodology.
c. In a research study, the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific methodology, whereas the evidence-based practice process uses the question to search the literature for completed studies that can answer the clinical question.
d. Both processes use a question to spearhead a search for completed studies that can be critically appraised in an attempt to answer the posed clinical question.

Answer 37

ANS: C

Correct C: This is the fundamental difference between the research process and the evidence-based practice process.

Question 38

The nurse researcher is analyzing a research article. Where can the researcher expect to find the research question and study purpose noted?
a. Introduction
b. Data analysis
c. Findings
d. Data collection

Answer 38

ANS: A

Correct A: The research question and study purpose can be expected to be found in the abstract or in the introduction

Question 39

The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using a dozen subjects who were interviewed regarding their experience with postpartum depression. The researcher opts for a qualitative research design. What would be the most accurate rationale for the researcher choosing this type of design?
a. Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are words rather than numbers.
b. Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
c. Quantitative research seeks to answer a question about a human experience.
d. Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon.

Answer 39

ANS: D

Correct D: Qualitative research typically collects data from a small number of subjects, thus allowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon while using a subjective approach

Question 40

The nurse researcher is attempting to grade the strength of a body of evidence used in a research study. How can the researcher grade the evidence for consistency?
a. Consistency is the extent to which the study’s design, implementation, and analysis minimize bias.
b. Consistency is the number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies.
c. Consistency is the degree to which studies that have similar and different designs (but investigate the same research question) report similar findings.
d. Consistency is the strength of the findings from the data analyses.

Answer 40

ANS: C

Question 41

The nurse researcher is analyzing a quantitative research article. Where should the researcher expect to find a discussion of the findings of the research?
a. In “procedure” or “data analysis”
b. In “methods” or “instruments”
c. In “sample” or “subjects”
d. In “results” or “discussion”

Answer 41

ANS: D

Correct D: A discussion of the findings will be located in the section labeled as “results” or “discussion.”

Question 42

Which aspects of the nursing research process are common to all educational levels of nurses? (Select all that apply.)
a. Disseminating research findings in research reports
b. Maintaining protection of human subjects
c. Using expertise to develop theoretical explanations for findings
d. Being aware of the relationship between research and nursing practice
e. Being a collaborative member of a team that applies research to practice

Answer 42

ANS: B, D, E

Correct B: All nurses are accountable for protecting the rights of patients.
Correct D: All nurses should be aware that research is related to practice.
Correct E: All nurses can be a part of a clinical team that applies research to practice.

Question 43

6. To those espousing a positivist paradigm, a fundamental belief is that:
   A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied.
   B) The researcher cannot interact with those being studied.
   C) The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information.
   D) The distance between the researcher and those being researched is minimized to enhance the interactive process.

Answer 43

A

Question 44

7. The traditional scientific method is not characterized by which of the following attributes?
   A) Control over external factors
   B) Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena
   C) Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research
   D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context

Answer 44

D

Question 45

9. A hallmark of the scientific method is that it is:
   A) Rigorous
   B) Holistic
   C) Systematic
   D) Flexible

Answer 45

C

Question 46

11. The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in
    A) Positivism
    B) Determinism
    C) Constructivism
    D) Empiricism

Answer 46

A

Question 47

12. One of the criticisms of the scientific method is that it is overly:
    A) Logical
    B) Deterministic
    C) Empirical
    D) Reductionist

Answer 47

D

Question 48

14. Quantitative and qualitative research do not share which of the following features?
    A) A desire to understand the true state of human affairs
    B) Roots in the 19th-century thought of such philosophers as Newton and Locke
    C) A reliance on external evidence collected through the senses
    D) Utility to the nursing profession

Answer 48

B

Question 49

15. A descriptive question that a qualitative researcher might ask is:
    A) What are the dimensions of this phenomenon?
    B) What is the average intensity of this phenomenon?
    C) How frequently does this phenomenon occur?
    D) What is the average duration of this phenomenon?

Answer 49

A

Question 50

16. A researcher wants to investigate the effect of a patient’s body position on blood pressure. The study would most likely be:
    A) Qualitative
    B) Quantitative
    C) Either quantitative or qualitative (researcher preference)
    D) Insufficient information to determine

Answer 50

B

Question 51

17. A researcher wants to study the process by which people make decisions about seeking treatment for infertility. The researcher’s paradigmatic orientation most likely is:
    A) Positivism
    B) Determinism
    C) Empiricism
    D) Naturalism

Answer 51

D

Question 52

18. A researcher is studying the effect of massage on the alleviation of pain in cancer patients. The study would be described as:
    A) Descriptive
    B) Exploratory
    C) Applied
    D) Basic

Answer 52

C

Question 53

19. Which of the following EBP-related purposes would not be addressed through cause-probing research?
    A) Intervention/treatment
    B) Prognosis
    C) Harm and etiology
    D) Diagnosis and assessment

Answer 53

D

Question 54

20. Over a 20-year period, Wallace and colleagues conducted a series of studies on children’s pain and nurses’ pain management. This is an example of:
    A) A research program
    B) The scientific method
    C) Positivist research
    D) Basic research

Answer 54

A

Question 55

21. Nurses have fully achieved an evidence-based practice, in that decisions are almost always based on solid research findings.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 55

B

Question 56

22. Journal clubs involve meetings to discuss and critically evaluate research studies.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 56

A

Question 57

24. Throughout the history of nursing research, most studies have focused on clinical problems.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 57

B

Question 58

25. Most people would agree that nursing research began with Florence Nightingale.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 58

A

Question 59

26. The journal Nursing Research began publication during the 1950s.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 59

A

Question 60

28. The movement for evidence-based medicine originated in a Canadian university.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 60

A

Question 61

32. The trial-and-error approach to developing knowledge is an empirical one.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 61

A

Question 62

33. Benchmarking data is at the pinnacle of the evidence hierarchy.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 62

B

Question 63

34. A paradigm is a general perspective on the nature of the real world.
    A) True
    B) False

Answer 63

A

Question 64

35. According to the positivist paradigm, there is an objective reality that can be understood by researchers. A) True
    B) False

Answer 64

A

Question 65

1. Research utilization is a process that begins with which of the following?
   A) A clinical problem that needs to be solved
   B) A problem-focused trigger
   C) A knowledge-focused trigger or research finding
   D) A well-worded clinical question

Answer 65

C

Question 66

2. Which of the following is an example of a systematic review?
   A) An RCT study published in the journal Nursing Research
   B) A meta-analysis from the Cochrane database
   C) A synopsis published in Evidence-Based Nursing
   D) A clinical practice guideline from the National Guideline Clearinghouse

Answer 66

B

Question 67

3. Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle?
   A) Randomized clinical trials (RCTs)
   B) Systematic reviews of multiple studies
   C) Quality improvement projects
   D) It depends on the research question

Answer 67

B

Question 68

4. Which of the following can be used to critically appraise clinical practice guidelines?
   A) A systematic review from the Cochrane Collaboration
   B) The Iowa model
   C) The AGREE instrument
   D) An evidence hierarchy

Answer 68

C

Question 69

5. Which of the following models was explicitly developed with the idea that individual nurses could engage in RU-type activities?
   A) Iowa Model
   B) Johns Hopkins Model
   C) Cochrane Model
   D) Stetler Model

Answer 69

D

Question 70

6. In the following clinical question, what is the Outcome (O component): What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?
   A) Functional ability
   B) Rheumatoid arthritis
   C) Biofeedback
   D) Relaxation therapy

Answer 70

A

Question 71

8. In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component): Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
   A) Patients who are stressed
   B) Patients who are depressed
   C) Patients who experience dyspnea
   D) Patients with COPD

Answer 71

D

Question 72

11. Which of the following is a question that would be asked as part of the process of appraising research evidence?
    A) What are the P, I, and O components?
    B) How rigorous and reliable is the evidence?
    C) What type of trigger should I use?
    D) Is a relevant systematic review available?

Answer 72

B

Question 73

12. Which of the following activities is part of an organizational—but not an individual—EBP endeavor?
    A) Asking a good question/identifying a problem
    B) Searching for evidence
    C) Assessing implementation potential
    D) Synthesizing and appraising evidence

Answer 73

C

Question 74

13. Asking a clinical question is the first step in evidence-based practice. What are the four components of a PICO clinical question?
    A) Population, implication, comparison, outcome
    B) Population, intervention, clinical, outcome
    C) Population, intervention, comparison, outcome
    D) Population, implication, clinical, outcome

Answer 74

C

Question 75

16. Which of the following study types is a systematic review used for the integration of statistical quantitative research findings?
    A) Meta-synthesis
    B) Meta-analysis
    C) Randomized controlled trial
    D) Quasi-experiment

Answer 75

B

Question 76

19. As a nurse, you must understand the difference between research utilization and evidence-based nursing practice. Which of the following best defines evidence-based practice?
    A) Begins with the research itself, clinical expertise, and patient preference
    B) Uses new evidence and translates research findings into real-world applications
    C) Uses findings from disciplined research in practical application unrelated to original research
    D) Integrates best research evidence, with clinical expertise, patient preference, and a particular clinical situation

Answer 76

D

Question 77

20. Some EBP models recommend a formal assessment of organizational “fit,” known as implementation potential when an organization is considering undertaking an EBP project. Which following issue is of particular importance to address to determine the implementation potential of the EBP project for the organization?
    A) Effectiveness of the innovation
    B) Nurses’ attitude toward the innovation
    C) Patient benefit of the innovation
    D) Transferability of the innovation

Answer 77

D

Question 78

21. A nurse is observing how the time of feeding impacts an inpatient’s gastric reflux. In which of the following steps of the EBP process would the nurse determine whether a specific feeding time alleviated the patient’s gastric reflux symptoms?
    A) Searching for and collecting evidence that addresses the question
    B) Appraising and synthesizing the evidence
    C) Integrating the evidence with own clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local context
    D) Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice

Answer 78

D

Question 79

23. A narrative integrated review of qualitative studies focuses on the interpretation of the studies. Which of the following study types would be considered a systematic integrated review of qualitative studies?
    A) Meta-synthesis
    B) Meta-analysis
    C) Randomized controlled trial
    D) Quasi-experiment

Answer 79

A

Question 80

1. Which of the following terms would likely be used only by qualitative researchers, as opposed to quantitative researchers, to refer to people who participate in a study?
   A) Informants
   B) Study participants
   C) Subjects
   D) Investigators

Answer 80

A

Question 81

2. Which of the following terms is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study?
   A) Concept
   B) Theory
   C) Phenomenon
   D) Variable

Answer 81

A

Question 82

3. Which of the following would be most likely called a construct?
   A) Gender
   B) Body temperature
   C) Self-care
   D) Blood type

Answer 82

C

Question 83

4. “Male” is which of the following?
   A) Not a variable
   B) An independent variable
   C) A dependent variable
   D) An outcome variable

Answer 83

A

Question 84

5. The dependent (outcome) variable in the research question, “Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?” is which of the following?
   A) Quality of life
   B) Functional ability
   C) Hearing acuity
   D) Residence in a nursing home

Answer 84

A

Question 85

6. The independent variable in the research question, “What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?” is which of the following?
   A) Blood pressure
   B) ICU patients
   C) Noise levels
   D) Postoperative pain

Answer 85

C

Question 86

7. In the question, “Do Baccalaureate degree–prepared nurses practice more rehabilitative nursing procedures on a client in an ICU than associate degree–prepared nurses?” the independent variable is which of the following?
   A) Associate degree–prepared nurses
   B) Baccalaureate degree–prepared nurses
   C) Rehabilitative nursing measures
   D) Type of educational background of nurse

Answer 86

D

Question 87

8. The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following?
   A) Assign numeric values to variables
   B) Specify how a variable will be measured
   C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation
   D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of the variable

Answer 87

B

Question 88

9. Which of the following is a datum from a quantitative study of the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40?
   A) Length of time in labor
   B) 107 oz
   C) “I practically slept through the whole thing!”
   D) Vaginal versus cesarean delivery

Answer 88

B

Question 89

10. Which of the following is a datum from a qualitative research study on the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40?
    A) 14.6 hours in labor
    B) 60-minute interviews one day after delivery
    C) “It was a nightmare—much more painful than I ever imagined.”
    D) 15 women with a vaginal delivery

Answer 89

C

Question 90

11. In quantitative studies, the most basic distinction is between which of the following?
    A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research
    B) Empirical and nonempirical research
    C) Experimental and nonexperimental research
    D) Population-based and sample-based research

Answer 90

C

Question 91

15. A researcher’s expectations about the relationships between variables in a quantitative study are generally formulated as which of the following?
    A) Hypotheses
    B) Frameworks
    C) Research questions
    D) Conceptual definitions

Answer 91

A

Question 92

16. The overall plan for answering a research question—the architectural backbone of a study—is called which of the following?
    A) Sampling plan
    B) Proposal
    C) Hypothesis
    D) Research design

Answer 92

D

Question 93

17. The aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study results is which of the following?
    A) Gatekeepers
    B) Population
    C) Sample
    D) Sampling plan

Answer 93

B

Question 94

23. The dependent variable in the research question, “Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?” is which of the following?
    A) Quality of life
    B) Functional ability
    C) Hearing acuity
    D) Residence in a nursing home

Answer 94

A

Question 95

24. The independent variable in the research question, “What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain in ICU patients?” is which of the following?
    A) Surgery
    B) ICU patients
    C) Noise levels
    D) Postoperative pain

Answer 95

C

Question 96

25. The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following?
    A) Assign numeric values to variables
    B) Specify how a variable will be measured
    C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation
    D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of a variable

Answer 96

B

Question 97

26. A researcher conceptualizes pain as “the subject’s statement of the intensity of pain.” What operational definition is consistent with this conceptualization?
    A) Measurement of the subject’s pulse and blood pressure
    B) Nurse’s observation of the subject’s pain behavior
    C) Subject’s score on a self-reported pain rating scale
    D) Frequency of subject’s use of pain medication

Answer 97

C

Question 98

27. For which of the following pairs of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal?
    A) Degree of physical activity and heart rate
    B) Stress and coping style
    C) Age and health beliefs
    D) Gender and depression

Answer 98

A

Question 99

28. In quantitative studies a basic distinction is between which of the following?
    A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research
    B) Empirical and nonempirical research
    C) Experimental and nonexperimental research
    D) Population-based and sample-based research

Answer 99

C

Question 100

29. Which of the following is true of an experimental study? Select all that apply.
    A) It includes an intervention or treatment.
    B) It is a type of qualitative research.
    C) It can be called a clinical trial.
    D) It tests causal relationships.

Answer 100

A, C, D

Question 101

30. The conceptual phase of the research process involves which of the following activities?
    A) Formulating the problem and reviewing the related literature
    B) Selecting an appropriate research design for the study
    C) Finalizing and reviewing the research plan
    D) Interpreting the results of data analysis of key variables

Answer 101

A

Question 102

31. The purpose of ethnographic research is to do which of the following?
    A) Study situations to aid in theory development
    B) Describe experiences as they are lived
    C) Observe and document interactions within a culture
    D) Examine events of the past

Answer 102

C

Question 103

33. Putting evidence into practice is in which phase of the quantitative research process?
    A) Dissemination
    B) Analytic
    C) Empirical
    D) Conceptual

Answer 103

A

Question 104

1. Nurses are most likely to encounter research results in which of the following? Select all that apply.
   A) Poster sessions
   B) Journal articles
   C) Textbooks
   D) Dissertations

Answer 104

A, B

Question 105

2. When a research report undergoes a “blind” review for a journal, it means which of the following?
   A) The journal editors do not know who submitted the report.
   B) The authors of the report do not know who the editor of the journal is.
   C) The report is published without indicating the authors’ names.
   D) The reviewers making recommendations about publication are not told who the authors are.

Answer 105

D

Question 106

4. In which section would the following sentence most likely appear: “The study sample consisted of 135 mother-infant dyads from an inner-city neighborhood”?
   A) Introduction
   B) Method section
   C) Results section
   D) Discussion

Answer 106

B

Question 107

5. In which section would the following sentence most likely appear: “The results may have been influenced by the patient’s desire to please the researchers and the hospital staff”?
   A) Introduction
   B) Method section
   C) Results section
   D) Discussion

Answer 107

D

Question 108

6. When a finding is statistically reliable, it means which of the following?
   A) The finding is very important
   B) The same results are likely to occur with a new sample of subjects
   C) The researcher’s hypothesis is correct
   D) Changes in nursing procedures are needed

Answer 108

B

Question 109

7. In which section of a research report would the following sentence most likely appear: “Patients who coughed were significantly more likely to have spontaneous dislodgement of small-bore nasogastric tubes than patients who did not”?
   A) Introduction
   B) Method section
   C) Results section
   D) Discussion

Answer 109

C

Question 110

8. In a qualitative research article, the thematic analysis of the data would be presented in which section?
   A) Introduction
   B) Method section
   C) Results section
   D) Discussion section

Answer 110

C

Question 111

9. In a research report, limitations of the study are normally discussed in which section?
   A) Introduction
   B) Method section
   C) Results section
   D) Discussion section

Answer 111

D

Question 112

10. The criterion used by quantitative researchers involving the soundness of the evidence is which of the following?
    A) Reliability
    B) Validity
    C) Credibility
    D) Generalizability

Answer 112

B

Question 113

11. Which of the following is an aspect of trustworthiness used in evaluating the strength of evidence in a qualitative study?
    A) Triangulation
    B) Reflexivity
    C) Reliability
    D) Credibility

Answer 113

D

Question 114

12. A nurse researcher compared men’s and women’s level of stress following cardiac surgery and made sure that both groups were comparable with regard to length of stay in hospital. Length of stay in hospital is which of the following?
    A) Independent variable
    B) Dependent variable
    C) Mediating variable
    D) Confounding variable

Answer 114

D

Question 115

13. In which section of the research report might the research problem be stated?
    A) Abstract
    B) Introduction
    C) Methods section
    D) Results section

Answer 115

B

Question 116

14. Key variables and the population of the study are most likely to be communicated in which of the following?
    A) Title
    B) Abstract
    C) Introduction
    D) Methods

Answer 116

A

Question 117

15. Questions such as “What were the research questions?” and “What were the findings?” and “What methods were used to address those questions?” can all be answered in which of the following sections?
    A) Discussion
    B) Abstract
    C) Introduction
    D) Results

Answer 117

B

Question 118

16. The discussion of the central phenomena or variables of a study, along with the theoretical or conceptual framework of the study, is found in which section of the study?
    A) Discussion
    B) Abstract
    C) Introduction
    D) Results

Answer 118

C

Question 119

this is the URL for the test bank document that most of these questions came from:
https://www.studocu.com/row/document/king-faisal-university/health-assessment/essentialsof-nursing-research-test-bank/23083340

Answer 119

.

Question 120

6. In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive content through which of the following?
   A) The specification of the population to be studied
   B) The operational definition of the research variables
   C) The prediction of anticipated relationships among variables
   D) The choice of verbs that suggest the state of knowledge on the topic or the approach to be used

Answer 120

D

Question 121

7. A research hypothesis indicates the expected relationship between which of the following?
   A) The functional and causal nature of the variables
   B) The statement of purpose and the research questions
   C) The independent variable and the dependent variable
   D) Statistical testing and the null hypothesis

Answer 121

C

Question 122

10. The hypothesis, “Women who live in rural areas are unlikely to practice breast self-examination” is which of the following?
    A) Null
    B) Not testable
    C) Directional
    D) Nondirectional

Answer 122

B

Question 123

11. A researcher includes a statement of purpose that indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of research design would most likely be used?
    A) Ethnography
    B) Grounded theory
    C) Phenomenology
    D) Quasi-experimental

Answer 123

C

Question 124

12. A researcher wants to explore the ways in which gender issues are evident in the day-to-day interactions between male and female nurses and their patients in an acute-care inpatient unit. The purpose statement of her research study indicates that she wants to study whether and how gender issues influence the culture and behaviors of nurses as they interact with patients. Of the following, which type of study design would be most appropriate to use?
    A) Qualitative ethnography
    B) Qualitative phenomenology
    C) Quantitative descriptive
    D) Quantitative Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Answer 124

A

Question 125

13. Select the best description for the following: “Is there a relationship between elective labor induction and an unintended cesarean delivery?”
    A) It is a directional hypothesis
    B) It is a directional research question
    C) It is a non-directional hypothesis
    D) It is a non-directional research question

Answer 125

D

Question 126

14. Select the best description for the following: “Children who watch an average of 2 or more hours of television per day will have higher BMIs than children who watch less than 2 hours of TV per day.”
    A) It is a directional hypothesis
    B) It is a directional research question
    C) It is a non-directional hypothesis
    D) It is a non-directional research question

Answer 126

A

Question 127

15. Which of the following statements, if used in a hypothesis, is not readily testable by empirical means?
    A) Less than
    B) Meaning of
    C) More than
    D) Related to

Answer 127

B

Question 128

16. A hypothesis that states there is no relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable(s) is called which of the following?
    A) Non-directional hypothesis
    B) Null hypothesis
    C) Research hypothesis
    D) Simple hypothesis
17. Which of the following statements made by a new nurse researcher indicate that he correctly understands the purpose of using statistical analysis in quantitative research? Select all that apply.
    A) “Statistical analysis allows the formal testing of hypotheses.”
    B) “Statistical analysis might lead a researcher to reject a hypothesis.”
    C) “Statistical analysis provides proof of the relationships between variables.”
    D) “Statistical analysis supports inferences that a hypothesis is most likely correct (or most likely not correct).”

Answer 128

16. B
17. A, B, D

Question 129

18. Which of the following components are usually included in a well-structured problem statement for nursing research? Select all that apply.
    A) Knowledge gap (what information do we currently know and what is lacking?)
    B) Problem identification (what is the overall problem? What is not working in the current situation?)
    C) Proposed solution (how will information gained from the proposed study contribute to the solution of this problem?)
    D) Sustainability (how long will we be able to sustain any changes made to the current status quo?)

Answer 129

A, B, C

Question 130

19. Identify the independent variable(s) from the following research question: “What is the effect of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?” Select all that apply.
    A) acetaminophen
    B) female adolescents with hepatitis
    C) ibuprofen
    D) liver function

Answer 130

A, C

Question 131

20. Which of the following is the dependent variable (DV) in the research question, “Are serial 12-lead ECGs more accurate in diagnosing acute myocardial infarctions (MI) than a single initial 12-lead ECG?”
    A) Accuracy in diagnosing an MI
    B) Myocardial infarction
    C) Serial 12-lead ECGs
    D) Single initial 12-lead ECG

Answer 131

A

Question 132

10. Which of the following research designs is weakest in terms of the researcher’s ability to establish causality?
    A) Experimental
    B) Retrospective case-control
    C) Prospective cohort
    D) Quasi-experimental

Answer 132

B

Question 133

11. If a researcher wanted to describe the relationship between women’s age and frequency of performing breast self-examination, the study would be classified as which of the following?
    A) Descriptive correlational
    B) Quasi-experimental
    C) Longitudinal
    D) Experimental

Answer 133

A

Question 134

12. Studies that collect data at one point in time are called which of the following?
    A) Time series
    B) Cross-sectional studies
    C) Longitudinal studies
    D) Crossover studies

Answer 134

B

Question 135

18. The researcher does not have to know in advance which confounding variables have to be controlled for which of the following procedures?
    A) Matching
    B) Randomization
    C) Statistical control
    D) Homogeneity

Answer 135

B

Question 136

30. Which of the following are distinctive characteristics of a true experimental design? Select all that apply.
    A) Intervention
    B) Control
    C) Randomization
    D) Correlation

Answer 136

A, B, C

Question 137

31. Applying your knowledge of random assignment, which statement is correct?
    A) Random assignment is accomplished with random sampling.
    B) Grouping participants with similar features together is the best way to achieve random assignment.
    C) Random assignment ensures that the study is a true experiment.
    D) Recruiting participants from significantly different neighborhoods results in random assignment.

Answer 137

C

Question 138

33. Which statement infers the advantage to using cross-over designs for quantitative research?
    A) Enhances equivalence among participants exposed to different interventions.
    B) Different levels of the intervention are easily compared.
    C) Delaying the intervention highlights the effects of persuasion.
    D) Allows all participants to choose the intervention they will receive.

Answer 138

A

Question 139

34. Quasi-experimental research designs lack what feature found in true experimental research?
    A) Control groups
    B) Pretests
    C) Randomization
    D) Placebos

Answer 139

C

Question 140

35. Use of nonexperimental designs in research fulfills what purpose?
    A) Describing
    B) Predicting
    C) Controlling
    D) Blinding

Answer 140

A

Question 141

36. The nurse plans a study comparing the occurrence of anxiety disorders in military personnel deployed overseas with those who served strictly within the borders of the United States. What research design should be selected for this study?
    A) Experimental
    B) Quasi-Experimental
    C) Cohort
    D) Nonexperimental

Answer 141

D

Question 142

37. Cross-sectional designs work best under what research conditions?
    A) Data collection over an extended period
    B) Multiple points of data collection
    C) Describing phenomena at a fixed point
    D) For follow-up studies

Answer 142

C

Question 143

39. Which of the following situations illustrates control over an external confounding variable?
    A) Using a script to relay information about the study.
    B) Randomizing assignment to control treatment groups.
    C) Allowing for maximum flexibility over where data is collected.
    D) Choosing a heterogeneous sample of subjects.

Answer 143

A

Question 144

40. What is the strongest method of controlling for intrinsic (subject) factors?
    A) Statistical control
    B) Randomization
    C) Matching
    D) Homogeneity

Answer 144

B

Question 145

41. What study design flaw may lead to a failure to achieve statistical significance?
    A) Variables precisely defined
    B) Adequate exposure to the intervention
    C) Small sample size
    D) Cross-sectional data collection

Answer 145

C

Question 146

42. Using your knowledge of threats to internal validity, which research design will be most susceptible?
    A) Pretest-Posttest
    B) Cross-over
    C) Correlational
    D) Factorial

Answer 146

C

Question 147

43. Which situation best reflects “attrition” in quantitative research?
    A) Control and intervention groups are very different in age ranges.
    B) Subjects receive promotional materials about the benefits of the intervention.
    C) Adolescent subjects improve in body hygiene practices over 4 years.
    D) Control group subjects drop out of the study when their disease process does not improve.

Answer 147

D

Question 148

44. Which quantitative research design will most strongly support evidence-based practice?
    A) Factorial Design
    B) Randomized Control Trial Design
    C) Correlational Design
    D) Time-Series Design

Answer 148

B

Question 149

1. Sampling may be defined as which of the following?
   A) Selection of an accessible population for a study
   B) Selection of a subset of a population to represent the entire population
   C) Assignment of study participants to treatment groups
   D) Technique for ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study

Answer 149

B

Question 150

2. Bias in a sample for a quantitative study refers to which of the following?
   A) Lack of heterogeneity in the population on the attribute of interest
   B) Sample selection using nonprobability-type sampling methods
   C) The margin of error in the data obtained from samples
   D) Systematic over- or underrepresentation of a key attribute vis-a-vis the population

Answer 150

D

Question 151

3. Strata are incorporated into the design of which of the following sampling approaches?
   A) Systematic
   B) Purposive
   C) Quota
   D) Consecutive

Answer 151

C

Question 152

4. Which of the following is a probability sampling method?
   A) Convenience sampling
   B) Systematic sampling
   C) Consecutive sampling
   D) Quota sampling

Answer 152

B

Question 153

5. The sampling design that would be especially likely to yield a representative sample is which of the following?
   A) Consecutive
   B) Convenience
   C) Purposive
   D) Quota

Answer 153

A

Question 154

6. Which of the following types of sample is considered to be the weakest for quantitative studies?
   A) Convenience
   B) Quota
   C) Purposive
   D) Systematic

Answer 154

A

Question 155

19. Which of the following statements describes a population?
    A) All traumatic brain injury clients hospitalized in an intensive care unit during January 2012
    B) Four hundred nurses selected from a membership list of American Nurses’ Association (ANA) members
    C) Selected members of families of clients undergoing surgery
    D) A sample of clients diagnosed with COPD and who currently smoke

Answer 155

A

Question 156

20. Which of the following results from a sample size that is too small?
    A) Low power to detect a difference in the outcomes of the two groups
    B) Lack of control over extraneous variables
    C) Limits to random sampling
    D) A weak questionnaire survey tool

Answer 156

A

Question 157

21. Which procedure describes a probability sampling method?
    A) Identification of community organizations and churches in an urban setting and recruiting participants
    B) Identification of individuals demonstrating the variable(s) of interest to the researcher and recruiting participants
    C) Identification of the accessible population and selecting study participants based upon the researcher’s belief that the participant is representative of the accessible population
    D) Identification of a sampling frame for an accessible population, writing element names on paper, placing the written names in a bowl, and drawing a select number of names from the bowl

Answer 157

D

Question 158

22. Which statement regarding sampling error and sampling bias is accurate?
    A) Sampling bias may be defined as the difference between data obtained from a simple random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population was measured.
    B) Sampling bias occurs by chance.
    C) Sampling error and sampling bias are synonymous.
    D) Sampling error may be contained in sample data even when the most careful random sampling procedure has been used to obtain the sample.

Answer 158

D

Question 159

23. Which group represents a convenience sample?
    A) The patients with a diagnosis of URI seen in the clinic on one afternoon in February
    B) One hundred male BSN nurses recruited by the original study subjects who are currently in leadership roles
    C) Middle-class Caucasian females chosen as representatives of the accessible population
    D) Twenty male subjects and twenty female subjects chosen for a study on gender differences

Answer 159

A

Question 160

24. Which sampling method would be most practical and provide the most reliable data to study the medication errors by registered nurses who work in city, county, and federal prisons?
    A) Purposive sampling
    B) Stratified random sampling
    C) Quota sampling
    D) Simple random sampling

Answer 160

B

Question 161

26. When is a small sample size appropriate for a research study?
    A) Many uncontrolled variables are present.
    B) The population is very homogenous.
    C) Large differences are expected in members of the population on the variable of interest.
    D) The population must be divided into subgroups.

Answer 161

C