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Intro to BioPsych > Nuroanatomy1 > Flashcards

Nuroanatomy1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the quote mentioned at the beginning of the neuroanatomy lecture?

A

“Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.”

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2
Q

Who pioneered phrenology and in which era?

A

Franz Gall in the early 1800s.

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3
Q

What did phrenology incorrectly claim?

A

That bumps on the skull correspond to personality traits and behaviors.

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4
Q

What was the significant contribution of phrenology despite its incorrect claims?

A

It provided a first look at the localization of function in the brain.

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5
Q

Define the Central Nervous System (CNS).

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Define the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

A

The PNS includes all neural elements outside the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

It controls voluntary movements.

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8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

It controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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9
Q

Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest” activities.

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10
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A neuron is the basic building block of the nervous system, specialized for transmitting information.

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11
Q

Describe the components of a neuron.

A

A neuron has a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon.

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane in neurons?

A

It separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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13
Q

What is the role of extracellular fluid in neuronal function?

A

It contains important nutrients like potassium (K+), necessary for neuronal function.

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14
Q

Describe the functions of astrocytes.

A

Astrocytes provide nutrients, repair damage, and protect the CNS.

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15
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

They create myelin in the CNS.

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16
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

They act as the immune system of the CNS.

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17
Q

What functions do Schwann cells perform in the PNS?

A

They perform functions similar to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia but in the PNS.

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18
Q

Define sensory (afferent) neurons.

A

They bring information to the spinal cord.

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19
Q

Define motor (efferent) neurons.

A

They send information from the spinal cord to muscles or glands.

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20
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons in the brain involved in decision-making that connect sensory and motor neurons.

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21
Q

Describe multipolar neurons.

A

They have one axon with many dendrites, common in motor neurons and interneurons.

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22
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

They have one long axon that branches into two extensions, typical in sensory neurons.

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23
Q

Define bipolar neurons.

A

They have one dendrite and one axon, found in the visual and olfactory systems.

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24
Q

What are anaxonic neurons?

A

Neurons with indistinguishable axons and dendrites, very rare and found in the olfactory system.

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25
Q

What are the anatomical directional terms used in neuroanatomy?

A

Anterior (toward the face), posterior (toward the back of the head), dorsal (toward the back or top of the head), ventral (toward the front or bottom of the brain), superior (above), inferior (below), lateral (to the outside), medial (toward the center), contralateral (opposite side), ipsilateral (same side).

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26
Q

Describe coronal brain slices.

A

Slices that start anterior and move posterior vertically.

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27
Q

Describe sagittal brain slices.

A

A single anterior to posterior slice lengthwise.

28
Q

Describe horizontal (transverse) brain slices.

A

Slices that start dorsal and move ventral horizontally.

29
Q

What are the primary areas of the brain covered in the slides?

A

The telencephalon (neocortex), limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon.

30
Q

What is the telencephalon (neocortex) responsible for?

A

It includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia, responsible for advanced brain functions.

31
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

It is involved in higher-order brain functions such as thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, and perception.

32
Q

What are gyri, sulci, and fissures?

A

Gyri are the bumps, sulci are the small depressions, and fissures are large depressions on the cerebral cortex.

33
Q

What is the significance of gray and white matter in the brain?

A

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and glial cells, while white matter contains myelinated axons.

34
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

35
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

The frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

36
Q

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobes?

A

Maintaining attention, planning, executing movement, problem-solving, and housing Broca’s area for speech production.

37
Q

Describe the case of Phineas Gage and its significance.

A

Phineas Gage survived an accident that damaged his left frontal lobe, leading to personality changes and loss of inhibition, highlighting the role of the frontal lobe in personality and behavior.

38
Q

What is the primary function of the parietal lobes?

A

Integrating sensory information and playing a role in mathematics, language, and attention.

39
Q

What functions are associated with the temporal lobes?

A

Processing auditory stimuli, memory, and object recognition, and housing Wernicke’s area for language comprehension.

40
Q

What is the main role of the occipital lobes?

A

Processing visual information.

41
Q

What is the role of primary and secondary cortices in the brain?

A

Primary cortices detect sensory information, and secondary cortices process and send information to other brain areas for a response.

42
Q

Explain the myth of using only 10% of the brain.

A

It is a myth; association areas are involved in higher-order functions and are active even without producing observable responses.

43
Q

What structures are part of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.

44
Q

Describe the function of the hippocampus.

A

Responsible for processing and storing factual and event-based memories.

45
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

It is involved in emotional experiences, particularly fear and anger.

46
Q

What does the cingulate cortex do?

A

It plays a role in emotion regulation and learning from mistakes.

47
Q

What are the primary functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Coordinating muscle movements and involving structures like the striatum, globus pallidus, and nucleus accumbens.

48
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

It acts as a relay station for sensory input, excluding smell.

49
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus.

A

Regulates the majority of the endocrine system and maintains the body’s internal environment.

50
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Secretes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus, regulating various body functions.

51
Q

What are the main structures of the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and tegmentum (periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area).

52
Q

What functions does the cerebellum serve?

A

Balance, posture, proprioception, coordination, and facilitating nonverbal learning and memory of motor skills.

53
Q

Describe the role of the pons.

A

Controls sleep, bladder functions, and helps coordinate movements.

54
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

A

Controlling heartbeat and breathing.

55
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

Controls arousal and multitasking, with damage potentially leading to coma.

56
Q

What are the meninges and their layers?

A

Protective tissues around the brain and spinal cord, consisting of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

57
Q

What is the function of the ventricles in the brain?

A

Create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

58
Q

What is the preferred way to address the instructor in this course?

A

The instructor prefers to be called Ryan to create a collaborative environment.

59
Q

How long are the lectures for this course?

A

The lectures are four hours long.

60
Q

What is emphasized as a major component of learning in this course?

A

Memorization of material is emphasized due to the heavy content load in biological psychology.

61
Q

What should students do if they have not taken introductory psychology or biology?

A

Be aware that the course will be more challenging, but they are welcome to stay and work harder.

62
Q

Are textbooks mandatory for this course?

A

No, textbooks are not mandatory; all necessary material is covered in the lecture slides.

63
Q

How will students be evaluated in this course?

A

Through two exams (midterm and final), chapter assignments, discussion posts, in-class activities, and an optional paper.

64
Q

What flexibility is offered for taking exams?

A

Exams are open for a 24-hour window, allowing students to take them at a convenient time within that period.

65
Q

What are the main functions of the frontal lobes?

A

Maintaining attention, planning, executing movements, problem-solving, and speech production.

66
Q

What does damage to the parietal lobes cause?

A

Difficulties with fine motor tasks,

Intro to BioPsych (2 decks)

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