NURITION- GENERAL CONCEPTS

Question 1

Define the term balanced diet

Answer 1

-A diet that contains a combination of foods that provide a proper balance of nutrients to maintain health.
-contain complete nutrients that supplies carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and fibre in their normal proportions.

Question 2

List the micro and macronutrients

Answer 2

Macronutrients
- provide ENERGY.
- required in large amounts
-carbs, proteins, fats

Micronutrients
* do not produce energy but are involved in processes
that help in energy production.
* very small amounts.

• Vitamins:
  ✓Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, and K
  ✓Water soluble vitamins: Vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, Vit C, Folic acid
• Minerals:
  ✓Macro-minerals: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium
  and chloride.
  ✓Trace minerals: iron, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine,
  manganese, selenium, zinc and molybdenum.

Question 3

Caloric value of food
* Define

Answer 3

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 °C.

Question 4

List the caloric values of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Answer 4

carbs: 4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
fat: 9 kcal/g
alcohol: 7 kcal/g

Question 5

State the total daily caloric requirements of adult males & females (for sedentary, moderate and heavy
workers)

Answer 5

table in notes

Question 6

State the total daily caloric requirements females pregnant & lactating women

Answer 6

preg
1 trimester: + 80 kcal/day
2nd trimester: + 280 kcal/day
3rd trimester: + 470 kcal/day

lactation
first 6 months: + 500 kcal/day

Question 7

Define RDA

Answer 7

-Average daily intake of nutrients in sufficient amount to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals.

Question 8

.Basal metabolic rate * Define

Answer 8

the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain life at complete physical and mental rest in the postabsorptive state

Question 9

Basal metabolic rate
* List the normal values

Answer 9

Adult man = 1600 kcal/day
Adult woman = 1400 kcal/day

-15% and +20% is considered
normal.

Question 10

Explain the factors affecting BMR

Answer 10

1. Surface area
   -BMR is directly proportional to the surface area.
   -Surface area is related to weight and height.
   -A tall person will have a higher BMR.
2. Sex
   -Men have higher BMR (about 5%) than women.
   - higher proportion of lean muscle mass in men.
3. Age
   -BMR is higher in infants and growing children, with lean muscle mass.
   -BMR decreases at the rate of about 2% per decade of life(adult)
4. Physical activity
   BMR is increased in persons (notably athletes) with regular exercise.
   Due to increase in body surface area.
5. Hormones
   * BMR is raised in hyperthyroidism and reduced in hypothyroidism.
   * epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone and sex hormones increase BMR.
6. Environment
   * In cold climates, the BMR is higher than warm climates.
7. Starvation
   * Fasting for >48 hours, BMR is decreased up to 50%.
8. Fever
   * causes an increase in BMR.
9. Disease states
   * BMR is elevated in infections, leukemias, polycythemia, cardiac failure, hypertension etc.
   * In Addison’s disease BMR is lowered.
10. Racial variations
    * The BMR of Eskimos is higher.

Question 11

Define thermic effect/SDA of food AND GIVE NORML VAL

Answer 11

the extra heat production by the body, above the
calculated caloric value, when a given food is metabolised by the body.
carb: 5%
protein:30%
lipid:15%
mixed diet:10%

Question 12

State the estimated energy expenditure in a healthy individual for BMR, SDA and physical
activity

Answer 12

SDA: 10%
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:30%
BMR:60%

Question 13

State the proportion of calories that should be contributed by the different
macronutrients in a balanced diet

Answer 13

➢ Carbohydrate is 45%-65%
➢ Fat is 20%-35%
➢ Protein is 10%-35%