NUR331 Flashcards
The process whereby Oxygen and Carbon dioxide transfer across the alveolar capillary membrane is known as?
diffusion
Impairments in ventilation are caused by which two main mechanisms?
narrowing of the airway and disruption of the neuronal transmission
Hypoxaemia, hypoxia and hypercapnia can result in?
acidosis and cell death
When selecting the size for a nasopharyngeal airway adjunct, how is it measured
from the tip of the nose to the tragus of the ear
Which of these signs could indicate the removal of the ICC?
ALL:
stable oxygen saturations
no bubbling in the underwater seal drain
chest reinflation on chest xray
A tension pneumothorax occurs when:
the internal structures are shifted across in the chest due to a build-up of air in the cavity
Which of these patients might have an obstructed airway
ALL:
the patient has facial burns and swelling around the neck
stridor or drooling
the patient is lying on their back and they are vomiting
What are some causes of pneumothorax?
ALL:
stab wound to the chest
high lung pressure
idiopathic
What is the rationale for auscultating the bowel prior to palpating the bowel?
After pressure is applied peristaltic action will increase
When conducting a focused abdominal assessment, what might a pulsating abdomen indicate?
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
severe pancreatic inflammation is commonly associated with what two predisposing factors?
Alcoholism and gallstones causing biliary tract obstruction
What causes severe pain in pancreatitis?
All:
Oedema and distension of the pancreatic ducts and capsule
Peritoneal irritation
Biliary tract irritation or obstruction
what cause hypotension in severe pancreatitis
Vasodilation and fluid shift to the pancreas and abdominal cavity
How does the pain associated with pancreatitis present?
sudden onset, severe, constant epigastric pain radiating to the back
initial treatment of severe pancreatitis involves what:
Analgesia, fluid replacement & fasting
Altered perfusion can be the result of?
ALL:
impaired circulation
inadequate cardiac output
excessive perfusion demands
The gold standard for cardiac assessment include what?
ECG, history & troponin levels
Chest pain assessment can employ the following acronym
PQRST- provokes, quality, radiation, severity and timing
What ECG changes would you expect to see with myocardial ischaemia
ST segment depression
What changes would you expect to see with myocardial infarction
ST segment elevation
Cardiac output is defined as?
The volume of blood ejected from the heart in litres in a minute
Do males and females experience the same signs and symptoms when they are having a myocardial infarction?
ALL:
Fewer women than men experience classic signs of an MI
Females often experience fatigue first
Females experience more silent MIs compared to men
What does PCI stand for?
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
What will happen to the cardiac output when fibrillation occurs in the ventricles or the atria?
the cardiac output decreases
A guedel’s airway is measured from which anatomical structure to which anatomical structure ?
Centre of teeth to the angle of the jaw
Intubation is indicated when a GCS is less than ?
8
haemoptysis is what ?
coughing up blood
what are flail segments?
multiple broken ribs
what is cardiac tamponade ?
blood around the heart
what is a Pneumothorax?
air in the pleural space
what is a Haemothorax ?
blood in the pleural space
what is a Tension pneumothorax ?
air in the pleural space that does not escape, the increased air in the pleural space shifts organs and increases intrathoracic pressure
A seizure affecting just one area of the body is known as
focal seizure
Damage in the central nervous system tissues results in:
glial scar and alteration in neuronal transmission
Seizures can result in
brain tissue injury
A condition in which there is a degeneration of the myelin sheath is known as
Multiple sclerosis
What are some of the signs of concussion
loss of memory, nausea & vomiting
Functions of the kidney include:
Excreting metabolic waste and producing erythropoietin
Pre renal causes of acute kidney injury include?
hypovolaemia and sepsis
important nursing considerations for a patient with post renal AKI include
fluid and electrolyte management
.Antidiuretic hormone leads to?
Increased water reabsorption
Hyperkalaemia is a high concentration of which electrolyte
potassium
Increased sodium and water reabsorption leads to:
Increasing blood volume and a higher BP
A treatment in which metabolic waste products can be removed from the blood is known as?
Dialysis
When acute kidney injury occurs what happens to the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the blood?
sodium decreases and potassium increases
A pathogen which cannot replicate outside of the human host is known as?
virus
The chain of infection includes which of the following
infectious agents, portals of exit and entry, modes of transmission, reservoirs and infectious agents
There are four means of infection transmission including?
direct contact, air borne, environment and ingestion
Inflammatory mediators include:
vasoactive and chemotactic mediators
A systemic inflammatory response to an infection which may be bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic is known as?
sepsis
What are the three major pathophysiological effects of septic shock?
Vasodilation, maldistribution of blood flow & myocardial depression
What is mean arterial pressure
The average pressure within the arteries felt by the organs of the body
Increased lactate readings indicate what is occurring within the body
Reduced tissue perfusion and anaerobic metabolism within cells
