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Nursing 104 > Nur104 Test 3 > Flashcards

Nur104 Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are functions of pulmonary system

A

Defense system
Ventilation
Gas exchange

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2
Q

How is breathing controled

A

Respiratory centers in brain stem control breathing using feedback from chemoreceptors and lung receptor

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3
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Located in medulla of brainstem carotid artery and aorta to detect changes in co2

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4
Q

What are defense systems

A

Allows to be warmed has cilia hair projection epiglottis flap cough or sneeze to get foreign objects out

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5
Q

What is ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs through act of breathing by inhalation and exhalation

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6
Q

Gas exchange

A

Respiration exchange of o2 and co2 in lungs o2 of blood and co2 of lungs

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7
Q

Surfactant

A

Covers and lowers alveoli so don’t stick prevent lung collapse
Premature infants don’t have

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8
Q

Inhalation

A

Expansion of chest cavity and lungs

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9
Q

Exhalation

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax allowing chest and lungs return to normal resting size

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10
Q

What are factors influence pulmonary system

A

Lifestyle- smoking general health
Environment-workplace home 2nd hand smoke and carbon monoxide
Development-infants to adults
Physiological- norm and disorders

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11
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Serious infection obstruction of airway tonsils get closed

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12
Q

Pulmonary problems

A

Resp infection cold allergies flu
Pulmonary system prob
Pulmonary circulation prob-blood clots in lungs
Pulmonary fibrosis lungs get stiff cant take get deep breath

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13
Q

Pulmonary assessment

A

Health history
Physical examination-breathing patterns resp effort/dyspnea cough
Diagnostic testing-sputum specimens skin test pulse oximetry incentive spirometer arterial blood gases peak flow monitoring

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14
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

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15
Q

Sputum specimens

A

Afb sputum tb test

Tells if bacteria in lungs if no its virus

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16
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

95% norm less hypoxia

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17
Q

Incentive spirometer

A

2 or 3 tubes with balls ask suck on then try ball to top

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18
Q

Arterial blood gases

A

Gives actual amount of o2 in blood

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19
Q

Peak flow monitoring

A

Usually patients with asthma

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20
Q

Crackles

A

Rice crispies fluid or congestion pneumonia

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21
Q

Rhonchi

A

Air tring to go through water rumbling or bubble sound can be cleared

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22
Q

Wheezes

A

Asthma croop COPD high pitched squick inspiration and expectation hear first expectation

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23
Q

Stridor

A

Air going across sandpaper swelling of epiglottis high pitch croop partial airways obstruction

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24
Q

Nursing diagnosis

A

Ineffective breathing
Ineffective airway clearance
Impaired gas exchange low o2 sat
Pale or blue confused renal function resp rate increase no increase

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25
Q

Nursing goals

A

Ineffective breathing patterns
Ineffective airway clearance
Impaired gas exchange

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26
Q

Pulmonary medication

A 
Bronchodilators 
Cough suppressants
Expectorants
Decongestants
Antihistamine 
Oxygen therapy
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27
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Med design to dialate bronchiols inhaled steroids decrease inflammation and mucus production

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28
Q

cough suppressants

A

suppresant cough ussually given at night

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29
Q

expectorants

A

eliminate mucus need drink plenty fluids

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30
Q

decongestants

A

eliminate mucus from antihistamines makes it liquid to get out

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31
Q

antihistamines

A

decrease allergic reaction

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32
Q

oxygen therapy

A

medication must have order

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33
Q

what are the medications that are given together for dring up and loosening mucus

A

decongestants and antihistamines

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34
Q

what two medication are given together for inflamation

A

cough suppressant and bronchodilators this one is usually given first to open airways

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35
Q

do cariac and respiratory affect each other

A

yes what effects one effects the other

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36
Q

what is the function of cardiovascular system

A

to circulate oxygenated blood to organs and tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the heart

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37
Q

what is required for cardiovascular system to function

A

it requires adequate cardiac output
adequate circulation
effective regulation of CV function

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38
Q

how is cardiovascular function regulated

A

by the autonomic nervous system and by control centers in the brain stem

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39
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

sympatheticcauses constriction and dialation of vessels cause fight or flight response
parasympathetic has no control over blood vessels

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40
Q

what are factors that influence cardiovascular function

A

developmental stage, enviroment, lifestyle, medication

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41
Q

how does temp change influence cardio function

A

cold metabolism decrease and decrease HR

hot increase metabolism and increase HR

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42
Q

how does pregnancy influence cardio function

A

increase O2 demand and blood vol 30%

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43
Q

how does obesity influence cardio function

A

heart has to work harder to pump blood and O2 to extra fat tissue

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44
Q

how does exercise influence cardio function

A

more do bigger CO and lower BP

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45
Q

heart failure

A

inefficient pump not working well

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46
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

enlarged heart with impaired cardiac muscle (contractility) no tone need heart transplant

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47
Q

cardiac ischemia

A

not enough oxygen to cardiac tissue myocardial infarction and angina pectoris

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48
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

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49
Q

angina pectoria

A

chest pain

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50
Q

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis in coronary arteries

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51
Q

dysrythmias

A

bad or irregular heart rhythm and or rate its to high or to low

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52
Q

arythmia

A

no heart beat

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53
Q

how do you test for blood oxygenation

A

pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases

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54
Q

decreased cardiac output

A

not pump enough blood decrease pulse ox low BP or high HR cap refill above 3 sec

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55
Q

ineffective tissue perfusion

A

poor circulation cold fingers and toes pale scienotic confused cap refill

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56
Q

manage anxiety

A

calm down take deep breath med for cause maybe O2 morphine helps pain and anxiety

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57
Q

to promote circulation

A

exercise ambulate sequential compression devices

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58
Q

health promotion cardio

A

fluids anicoagulants nutrition exercise

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59
Q

cardio medication

A

vasodilators beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics

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60
Q

vasodilator (cardio med)

A

nitrates vessel dialte bigger more blood flow and O2 to heart

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61
Q

beta blockers (cardio med)

A

block beta receptors in heart or lungs slows HR and contraction makes tone relaxed decreases BP and HR

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62
Q

which cardio med is the primary one given to prevent heart attack

A

beta blockers

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63
Q

what is a SE of beta blocker

A

orthostatic hypertention

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64
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

minerals cause contraction decrease HR and BP may get adema also decrease O2 demands

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65
Q

diuretics

A

urrinate excessively removes sodium and water from body

66
Q

what are SE of diuretics

A

loss of potassium

67
Q

positive ionotropes

A

common degioxin strong firm contraction increase O2 demand

68
Q

baroreceptors

A

stretch heart and blood vessels are sensitive to pressure changes sence small drop in pressure brain stem stimulates sympathetic nervouse system to increase HR and induce vasoconstriction

69
Q

what are bowel elimination process structure & function of colon (Lg Intestine)

A

absorb water eliminate waste vitamin K-bacteria flora

70
Q

what are problems of bowel elimination

A

constipation which leads to fecal impaction, diarrhea, flatulence, bowel incontinence

71
Q

what are factors affecting bowel elimination

A

nutrition, exercise, socioculture, & development, pregnancy, pathological conditions, medication

72
Q

what is valsalva maneurer and what can it cause

A

straining can cause vagus nerve stimulation risk for arrhythmia

73
Q

how much fluid and fiber should a person have a day

A

6-8 8oz glasses (1500-2000mL) and 25g

74
Q

how is bowel elimination effected in pregnancy

A

hormone progesterone which slows GI tract to increase absorption of nutrients which increase risk of constipation, hemroids need increase fluid and fiber

75
Q

what are some medications that affect bowel elimination

A

antacids(neutralize), aspirin & NSAIDS (GI irritaing bleeding), antibiotics(kills natural flora) iron(diff absorb vC helps absorb) analgesic(slow down GI), laxative(use when need dont get dependence)

76
Q

what are some diagnostic test for bowel elimination

A

barium enema, colonoscopy, & stool analysis

77
Q

what is Barium Enema

A

an enema that is white chalky given for Xray it can get hard if not passed and cause bowel abstruction

78
Q

what is filtration

A

wastes, toxins, excess ions & water

79
Q

what is reabsorption

A

water electrolytes for homeostasis(balance)

80
Q

what is secretion

A

erythropoientin(creation WBC) renin activates Vitamin D3

81
Q

what is elimination

A

voiding (micturition)

82
Q

what is the functional unit of kedneys

A

nephron

83
Q

what does enlarged prostate glands cause

A

urinary retention, UTI, dont empty all way have residual

84
Q

what kind of catheter do you insert to check for residual

A

straight, in & out, or intermit

85
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

retro peritoneium

86
Q

what is nocterial

A

void at night

87
Q

what is renal calculi

A

stones in urine

88
Q

what are metabolic disorders

A

diabetes

89
Q

how do you check for bladder distention

A

lay flat on bed see if extra bulge in super pubic area will feel spongy

90
Q

What are diagnostic test for urine

A

urinalysis, culture, specific gravity, blood chemistry, cystoscopy, urodynamic test, imaging

91
Q

what is a urinalysis

A

should be neg for protein, bacteria, glucose, keytones, color should be clear yellow or cloudy

92
Q

what is specific gravity

A

compares urine to pure water if dehydrated SG will be high

93
Q

what is blood chemistry

A

BUN and creatine skeletal breakdown kidnwys not filtering out nitrogen

94
Q

what is cystoscopy

A

direct visualization of bladder

95
Q

what is a urodynamic test

A

measure kidney function

96
Q

what is imagin of urinary

A

used to evaluate urinary lesions (cancer, stones)

97
Q

what are signs and symptoms of UTI

A

urgency, frequency, burning, oder,pyuria, dysuria, hematuria, bladder spasms, edema, chills. fever, back pain, N/V

98
Q

what is a type of urinary incontinence

A

stress (sneeze wet self) nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)

99
Q

what is urostomy

A

drains urine

100
Q

how much should a patient void per 24hr

A

1500mL

101
Q

what are body fluids

A

water

102
Q

what do body fluids contain

A

solutes a solid substance that dissolve in body fluid such as electrolyte and nonelectrolyte

103
Q

what are electrolytes

A

sodium and potassium develop electrical charge when dissolved

104
Q

what are nonelectrolytes

A

glucose and urea they dont conduct electricity

105
Q

what are body fluid functions

A

maintain blood vol, reg body temp, transport material to & from cells, assist with digestion of food, cellular metabolism, excreting waste

106
Q

what are compartments of body fluids

A

intracellular and extracellular

107
Q

what is intracellular

A

within the cell

108
Q

what is extracellular

A

outside cell interstitial, intravascular, transcellular

109
Q

what is interstitial

A

within the tissue

110
Q

what is intravascular

A

vessels

111
Q

what is transcellular

A

specialized fluid cerebrailspinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial fluid, & digestive juices

112
Q

what compartment is most body fluids consist of

A

intracellular in cells

113
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water across membrane from low to high concentration moves to dilute higher concentration

114
Q

what is hypotonic

A

lower osmolality than blood moves by osmosis from vascular system into cells

115
Q

what is hypertonic

A

higher concentration than blood water moves by osmosis from cells into entracellular

116
Q

what is diffusion

A

molecules of solute move high to low cencentration it occurs until equivlant on both sides

117
Q

what is filtration

A

movement of both water and smaller particles from high to low pressure

118
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

force created by fluid within closed system responsible for norm circulation of blood

119
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

power of solution to draw water from high concentration and has high osmotic pressure ( water follow salt little swelling)

120
Q

how is body fluid regulated

A

fluid intake by thirst change in plasma osmolality hypothalmus

121
Q

how else is fluid regulated beside fluid intake

A

fluid output by urine 1500mL/day, skin perspiration, lungs exhalation, & feces 100-200mL/day

122
Q

what hormones regulate fluid

A

antidiuretic (ADH), renin-angiotension, aldosterone, thyroid, & brain naturetic

123
Q

what is antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

pressure sensors in vascular system stimulates from pituitary gland when to smal causes kidneys to retain fluid release when not enough fluid or tissue vol

124
Q

what is renin angiotensin

A

when extracellular (intravascular) fluid vol decrease receptors it responds to decrease perfussion in kidneys helps going through nephron s help absorb sodium and water

125
Q

what is aldosterone

A

when released stimulates distal tubules of kidney to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium passive transport of water where sodium goes water follows

126
Q

what is thyroid hormone

A

affect fluid vol by influencing cardiac output increase cardiac output have more blood diffusion to kidneys

127
Q

what is sodium Na

A

135-145 mEq/L extracellular fluid regulates fluid vol kidneys reabsorb

128
Q

what is potassium K

A

3.5-5 mEq/L has effect on heart to high or to low intracellular fluid muscle contraction cardiac conduction kidneys eliminate

129
Q

what is calcium Ca

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL extracellular bone health insufficiency leads to osteoporosis

130
Q

what is magnesium Mg

A

1.6-2.6 mEq/L intracellular bone many cellular functions alcoholism leads to low levels of electrolytes and vitamins and minerals

131
Q

what is chloride Cl

A

95-105mEq/L extracellular bound to other ions sodium and others

132
Q

what is phosphate PO

A

1.7-2.6 mEq/L intracellular anion bound with calcium in teeth and bones inverse relationship if increase calcium it will most likely decrease

133
Q

what is bicarbonate HCO

A

22-26 mEq/L antacid ICF & ECF acid bace balance regulates kidneys its produced by body to ast as buffer

134
Q

what is a acid

A

contains hydrogen ions

135
Q

what is a base

A

accepts hydrogen ions

136
Q

what is the normal pH balance

A

7.35-7.45

137
Q

how is acid base measured

A

by arterial blood gases ABGs

138
Q

what will it cause if acid balance goes below 6.90 or above 7.80

A

death

139
Q

what is acidosis pH

A

below 7.35 retention CO2 loss of bicarbonate

140
Q

what is alkaline pH

A

above 7.45 blowing of CO2 (hypervent) increase bicarbonate

141
Q

how are acid base regulated

A

buffer systems, resp mech, & renal mech

142
Q

what is the buffer system

A

works the fastest within sec prevents wide swing in pH

143
Q

what is resp mech

A

sec line of defense to restore norm pH when to acidic to high lungs remove CO2 through rapid breathing (hyperventalation) reacts in min-hrs

144
Q

what is renal mech

A

its last line of defense reg concentration of plasma bicarbonate kidneys take days to react very through but slow

145
Q

what is the best way to determine fluid balance

A

daily weight

146
Q

what is isotonic fluids

A

wants to stay in vessels fluid remain in intravascular

147
Q

what is hypotonic fluids

A

less than serum fluid pulls body water out intravascular

148
Q

what is hypertonic fluids

A

higher than serum fluid pulls body water into intravascular dehydrated dec vol dec BP

149
Q

what are some symptoms of hyponatremia Na sodium

A

less than 135 anorexia N&V confusion monitor sodium levels & O2

150
Q

what are symptomes of hypernatremia Na sodium

A

greater than 145 thirst dry mouth sticky muccous

151
Q

what are symptoms of hypokalemia K potassium

A

less 3.5 dehydration diuretics fatigue anorexia N&V muscle weakness flat T wave increased sensitivity to digitalis

152
Q

what are symptoms of hyperkalemia K potasium

A

greater 5.0 everything slows down Gi almost stops muscle weakness tall T waves high

153
Q

what are symptoms of hypocalcemia Ca calcium

A

less 8.5 numbness and tingling of extremities muscle cramps tetany (nerves quiver

154
Q

what are symptoms of hypercalcemia Ca calcium

A

greater 10.5 to much intestines slow down muscle weakness constipation anorexia N&V

155
Q

what are symptoms of hypomagnesemia Mg not enough choc

A

less 1.3 disorientation mood changes increased sensitivity to digitalis

156
Q

what are symptoms of hypermagnesemia Mg to much choc

A

greater 2.1 drowsiness lethargy hypoactive reflexes depressed resp

157
Q

what are symptoms of hypophosphatemia PO

A

less 1.7 joint stiffness seizures impaired tissue oxygenation

158
Q

what are symptoms of hyperphosphatemia PO opposite of hypocalcemia

A

tetany tingling of extremities and cramping

159
Q

what are two types of acid base imbalance

A

resp and metabolic bicarbonate

160
Q

what is the content for resp

A

CO2 35-45

161
Q

what is the content of metabolic

A

HCO3 20-28

Nursing 104 (3 decks)

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