NUR 422 Exam 1 Flashcards
Define “public health.”
Public Health is defined as what we, as a society, do to collectively assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.
Identify how public health addresses population-based health issues.
Public health focuses on populations and communities with the goal to promotes health and prevent disease within the population to improve health outcomes. Community is the client!
3 core functions of public health
- Assessment
- Policy Development
- Assurance
Define Assessment and the associated essential services
Assessment: Investigate health needs and problems and analyze determinants of health.
Essential Services: 1. Monitor health status 2. Diagnosis and investigate health problems and hazards in the community
Define Policy Development and the associated essential services
Policy Development includes advocating for resources, prioritizing health needs, and plan and develop polices to address the priority health needs.
Essential services: 1. Inform, educate, and empower 2. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems 3. Develop policies and plans
Define Assurance and the associated essential services
Assurance is managing resources, implementing programs to address priority health needs, and evaluate how those intervention are affecting the population.
Essential services: 1. Enforce laws and regulations 2. Link people with needed person health services 3. Assure competent public and personal healthcare workforce 4. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality 5. Research for new insight.
Discuss the role of public health in improving population health. (What are the major public health achievements?)
The focus is NOT to treat the disease after it occurs but to analyze why it is occurring and use this knowledge to prevent it. Upstream thinking focuses on modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes
“downstream.”
Define and describe essential/key concepts (What is Upstream Thinking?)
Upstream thinking is the idea community conditions impact individual health outcomes. It focuses on modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes
The three levels of prevention
- Primary: Prevention of problems before they occur (Vaccinations)
- Secondary: Detects and treats problems in their early stages (Screenings/ Testing)
- Tertiary: Limits further negative effects from and existing problem (Rehabilitation Services)
Define and give examples of equity
Equity: Custom tools that identify and address inequality
Examples: Obstacles such are poverty, discrimination, lack of access to jobs with fair pay, quality education, housing, safe environments, and health care
Define and give examples of equality
Equality: Evenly distributed tools and assistance
Examples:
Define and give examples of justice
Justice: Fixing the system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities
Examples:
Define implicit bias.
Implicit Bias is attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.
Identify the facts surrounding implicit bias.
- Implicit biases are pervasive
- Implicit and explicit biases are related but distinct mental constructs
- Do not necessarily align with our declared beliefs
- We generally tend to hold implicit biases that favor our own in group
- Implicit biases are malleable
Discuss the ramifications of experiences of bias in the health care setting
Implicit biases held by healthcare provider
1.experience stigma from healthcare provider
2. Anticipated future stigma
3. Avoid the healthcare system
4. Decreased quality of life
Public Health Nursing Process
Assessment (Recognize cues)
Diagnosis (Analyze cues, prioritize hypothesis)
Planning (Generate solutions)
Implementation (Take action)
Evaluation (Evaluate outcomes)
Working WITH the community
What are the specific tasks completed in ASSESSMENT
Community needs assessment.
Identify and define who the “client” (community) is:
* Family, aggregate, organization, etc.
* Boundaries (ex. geographic)
Gain entry into the community to establish a professional relationship
* Meet with leaders of the community.
* Set the foundation for ongoing meetings and for collaborative approach to
improving/maintaining the health of the community (active v. passive participation)
Data collection (needs, resources, and services)
What are the specific tasks completed in DIAGNOSIS
- Community nursing diagnosis
- Analyze primary and secondary data
- Prioritize health needs
- Identify focus population/aggregate
- Identify factors that contribute to the health need
- Ex. lack of resources
Diagnosis should include: Risk of (disability, disease, etc.) among (community or population) related to (etiological statements) as evidence by (health indicators)
What are the specific tasks completed in PLANNING
- Identify potential approaches to address priority health
needs/problems - Develop goal(s)
- Develop objectives for the overall goal
- SMART formatting
What are the specific tasks completed in IMPLEMENTATION and
- Implementation should follow the initial plan but be
flexible - Various strategies should be integrated into
implementation - Strategies to address potential barriers should be
identified and planned for during the planning phase - Be willing to respond to the unexpected problems
What are the specific tasks completed in EVALUATION
- Relevance: was the program needed?
- Adequacy: addressed entire program
- Progress: tracking program activities to meet program objectives
- Efficiency: cost-benefit analysis (benefits > cost)
- Effectiveness: results
- Impacts: long-term results
- Sustainability: is the program able to continue
- Develop recommendations based on evaluation
data - Communicate follow-up recommendations
- Plan next steps
What are the different types of evaluation?
Formative and summative
Define FORMATIVE evaluation. What is its purpose?
Formative evaluation is the evaluation completed at each stage of the intervention.
Purpose is to examine, strengthen, and improve the program
Process evaluation is a type of formative evaluation
Define SUMMATIVE evaluation. What is its purpose?
Summative evaluation is done at the completion of the intervention.
The purpose is evaluate the FINAL product/outcomes
