Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCPHS Nursing > NUR 245 Exam 4 > Flashcards

NUR 245 Exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the MSK?

A

Support body
Protection (organs)
Movement
Hematopoiesis (RBC formation in bone marrow)
Storage for minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What influences muscle mass?

A
  1. size and strength: genetics, nutrition, exercise,
  2. neurological: nerves
  3. sex: males usually have more
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bones - structure (3 kinds) and function

A

structure:
1. compact - shaft and outer layer
2. cancellous bone - center and ends of the bones (spongy bone) –> short, flat, irregular, long
3. long bones - hollow, filled w/ bone marrow (break = risk for blood clot and obstructed blood flow)

function: support and protection ; site of hematopoiesis (formation of WBC, RBC, and platelets) ; stores minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscles - structure and function

A

Structure: fibers in bundles (fasciculi = bundles of muscle fibers)

Function: generates force and movement, provides shape, produces body heat (movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Connective Tissue - function
cartilage
ligaments
tendons
fascia

A

cartilage: lets bone slide over each other = decreases friction / damage, absorbs shock

ligaments: connect bone to bone, stabilizes joints and limits movement

tendons: connects muscle to bone

fascia: flat sheets, attached muscles to bone, provides structure to nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Flexion

A

bending a limb at joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Extension

A

straightening a limb at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adduction

A

moving toward the center of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pronation

A

turning palm down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Supination

A

turning palm up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Circumduction

A

moving arm in a circle around shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inversion

A

moving the foot IN toward the middle of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eversion

A

moving the foot out from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rotation

A

moving the head around a central axis (saying no)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Protraction

A

moving body part forward (moving bottom of the jaw forward)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Retraction

A

moving body part backward (pushing chin back)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Elevation

A

raising of body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Depression

A

lowering of body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a joint?

A

functional unit of the MSK; permits mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a joint articulation?

A

where 2 joints come together = mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fibrous joint - what is it? and example

A
  • synarthrotic, immoveable (think it’s a sin to not move)
  • bones are connected with fibrous tissue
  • example: cranial sutures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cartilaginous joint - what is it? and example

A
  • amphiarthrotic, slightly movable (think amphibians can move a little on land and in water)
  • example: ribs and sternum (costal cartilage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Synovial joint - what is it?

A
  • diarthrotic, freely movable (think when you die you can go wherever)
  • named by the type of movement
  • one bone is stable, other acts as an axis (movement)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a bursae?

A

fluid filled space between tendons, ligaments, or bones that reduces friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a synovial fluid?

A

lubricant in joint cavity, provides nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pivot joint - example

A

C1/atlas and C2/axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ball and socket joint - example

A

Hip and shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hinge joint - example

A

Elbow, knee, TMJ, wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Saddle joint - example

A

Thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Condyloid joint - example

A

wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Gliding joint - example

A

intravertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Plane joint - example

A

tarsal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

TMJ - what is it? function?

A

Temporal - mandible joint
Hinge joint

function: speaking and chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

TMJ - landmarks

A
  • depression in front of the tragus
  • external auditory meatus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

TMJ - motions

A

hinge: open and close jaw
protraction and retraction: forward and backward motion
excursion: side-to-side movement (lower jaw)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Spine - how many bones in each section?

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5 - fused)
Coccyx (3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Intervervetral discs - structure and function

A

structure: fibrocartilage, make up 1/4 of the length of each column

function: shock absorbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Spine - landmarks (4)

A

C7 and T1: spinous process
T7 and T8: inferior angle of the scapula is @ interspace
L4: imaginary line of highest points in iliac crest
Sacrum: superior iliac spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Spine: movements

A

Flexion: bending forward
Extension: bending backward
Abduction and rotation: to each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Glenohumeral joint - what is it?

A

articulation of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
ball and socket joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Rotator cuff - what is it? function?

A

encloses the glenohumeral joint and covers the head of the humerus

Function: rotates arm laterally and stabilizes the head of the humerus in glenoid fossa of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

(think SITS)
S: supraspinatus
I: infraspinatus
T: teres minor
S: subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Shoulder joint - landmarks

A
  • acromion process: very top of the shoulder, little bump
  • greater tubercle: below acromion process
  • coracoid process: anterior, bump on the front of the shoulder
  • subacromial bursa: abduction of arm so greater tubercle can move easily under acromion process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Shoulder joint - movements

A

flexion and extension
internal and external rotation
abduction and adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ischial tuberosity (hip) - landmarks

A

under glute, can feel when hip is flexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Greater trochanter (hip) - landmarks

A

width of palm below glute, feel when standing, flat depression under lateral side of the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

MSK Considerations of pregnant woman

A
  • Increased hormones = increased mobility in joints (estrogen, relaxin, and corticosteroids)
  • sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, and symphysis pubis joints = changes in posture
  • lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve = increased back strain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

MSK Considerations for aging adult

A
  • osteoporosis = loss of bone density (minerals) –> increased risk for fractures (women and over 40 y/o at greater risk) –> need more vit D and C supps
  • postural changes: height decreases, kyphosis w/ flexion of hips and knees
  • fat distribution: subcutaneous fat does to abdomen and bony prominences are more pronounced, muscles mass loss/atrophy = weakness
  • sedentary lifestyle = increases MSK loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the urgent MSK assessments?

A
  • FOCI: identify specific prob, alleviating pain, preventing complications
  • GALS locomotor screening (11 tasks): gait, arms, legs, spine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What should we educate patients on regarding osteoporosis and prevention?

A

calcium and vitamin D supplements
- limit caffeine = causes increased excretion of calcium
- weight bearing exercises (fast walking!!)
- avoid smoking and alcohol
- bone density tests and meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is FRAX? and what do we screen for with it?

A

fracture risk assessment tool
used for low bone mass density (BMI, sex arthritis, smoking, steroids, alcohol, femoral neck BMD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How should a nurse conduct the MSK assessment?

A

In an orderly approach:
- head to toe
- proximal to distal
- from midline outward

(compare bilaterally, note normal and abnormal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the order of the MSK assessment?

A
  1. inspect
  2. palpate
  3. ROM
  4. muscle strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are we looking for when we palpate? (MSK)

A

temperature (circulation), muscles (compare R + L), articulations, crepitus (audible/palpable/crunching), and pulses!!`

57
Q

What is myalgia?

A

cramping/aching (intermittent claudication, viral illness)

58
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

joint stiffness

59
Q

What is ataxia?

A

lack of balance/coordination

60
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

loss of contact between 2 bones in a joint

61
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Ligament

62
Q

What is a strain?

A

Tendon

63
Q

What is subluxation?

A

joints stay in contact, but alignment is off

64
Q

What is contracture?

A

shortening of muscle = limited ROM

65
Q

What is ankylosis?

A

stiffness/fixation of a joint

66
Q

What is the cerebral cortex? Functions?

A

Outer layer, grey matter, not myelin.

highest function (thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement)

67
Q

Temporal lobe: function

A

hearing and taste

68
Q

Occipital lobe: function

A

vision

69
Q

Frontal lobe: function

A

personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual function, voluntary movement

70
Q

Parietal lobe: function

A

touch, pain, proprioception

71
Q

Wernicke’s area: location and function

A

in temporal lobe

function: language comprehension (damage = aphasia)

72
Q

Broca’s area: location and function

A

in frontal lobe

function: speech production (damage = expressive aphasia)

73
Q

Basal ganglia: functions

A
  • initiates and coordinates movements
  • controls autonomic movements (arms swinging while you walk)
74
Q

Thalamus: functions

A
  • relay station
  • interprets all sensations –> sleep, wake, consciousness, learning, and memory
75
Q

Cerebellum: functions

A
  • motor coordination
  • voluntary movements (equilibrium, balance, and muscle tone)
76
Q

Brainstem: function and components

A

function: mainly nerve fibers

components: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

77
Q

Medulla oblongata: functions

A
  • respirations
  • heart rate
  • GI
  • nuclei of CN 8-12
    (pyramidal decussation occurs here)
78
Q

Pones: functions

A
  • messages between cerebrum
  • contains sensory and descending motor tracts pneumotaxic center
  • respiratory function
79
Q

mid brain: functions

A

merges hypothalamus and thalamus
(CN 3 and 4 eye and eyelid movement)

80
Q

Spinal Cord: function

A

ascending and descending tracts connecting to the brain, contains spinal nerves (31 pairs) and mediates reflexes

81
Q

What must be intact for pain and temperature reception?

A

lateral spinothalamic tract –> thalamus –> sensory cortex

82
Q

Decussates - what is it?

A

right brain controls left side of the body and vice versa

83
Q

Anterolateral tract (spinothalamic) - what is it?

A

sensory fibers of touch, pain, temp, itch, crude touch

(lateral: pain and temp)
(anterior: crude touch)

84
Q

Posterior dorsal column - functions?

A
  • position (aka proprioception)
  • vibration
  • finely localized touch
85
Q

Sensory cortex - feeling?

A

cannot localize pain in the heart, liver, or spleen

86
Q

Corticospinal/pyramidal tract - what is it?

A

very skilled and discrete/purposeful. movements (like writing)

  • homunculus
87
Q

Cerebellar system - what is it?

A

equilibrium, movements

  • info on position of muscles and joints
  • subconscious
88
Q

Descending motor fibers - what is it?

A

motor impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

89
Q

Nerve - what is it?

A

bundle of fibers outside of the CNS

90
Q

Afferent pathway - what is it?

A

carry input to CNS
* (sensory)*

91
Q

Efferent pathway - what is it?

A

carry input away from CNS
(motor)

92
Q

Reflex arc - what its it?

A

involuntary
below level of conscious control –> maintain balance and appropriate muscle tone

93
Q

What are the 3 types of reflexes and give an example of each.

A

deep/ stretch tendon - knee jerk
superficial (cutaneous) - plantar reflex
visceral (organic) - pupillary response to light

94
Q

What are the 5 parts of the deep tendon reflex?

A
  1. afferent (sensory)
  2. functional synapse in spinal cord
  3. efferent (motor)
  4. neuromuscular junction
  5. competent muscle
95
Q

What happens to sensation when a nerve is severed?

A

the sensation will be transmitted by nerves above and below it

96
Q

Neurological Older Adult Considerations

A
  1. steady loss of neurons
  2. motor system generally slows down
  3. slowed conduction of velocity
  4. progressive decrease in cerebral function (need to get up more slowly)
  5. *sweet and salty impaired first (CN VII) and decreased smell (CN I)
  6. meds can interfere with how they react
  7. shuffling gait (loss of balance)
  8. decreased upward gaze, adjust to light, corneal reflexes, ability to discriminate colors, more hearing loss
97
Q

What is required to have interacranial regulation?

A
  1. good blood supply (O2 and nutrients)
  2. Blood volume and CO perfusion
  3. blood glucose levels (fuel for brain)
  4. good gas exchange (lungs, HgB capacity)
98
Q

What is chorea?

A

jerky, rapid, sudden purposeless movements (trunk/face/limbs) regular intervals

99
Q

What are early S&Sx of Parkinson’s?

A

tremor when you go to do something, then it stops

100
Q

What is paresis?

A

partial/incomplete paralysis

101
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

inability to control distance/power or speed of muscle action

102
Q

Wat is paraesthia?

A

abnormal sensation (burning/tingling)

103
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

difficulty forming words

104
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

difficulty expressing words

105
Q

What relieved senile tremors?

A

alcohol

106
Q

What is the sequence of which you perform a neuro assessment?

A
  1. mental status: cognition, behavior, comprehension
  2. cranial nerves
  3. motor system: strength/coordination/gait
  4. sensort system: pain, temp
  5. reflexes: deep tendon (bicep, triceps, knee, plantar Achilles)
107
Q

Cranial Nerve I - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: olfactory nerve

Type: sensory

Function: smell

Test: patient closes eyes and occludes one nostril, inhale to smell scent - bilaterally with different scents

Abnormal: anosmia (no smell)

108
Q

Cranial Nerve II - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: optic

Type: sensory

Function: sight, sensory and visual acuity

Test: central = Snellen and peripheral = confrontation

Abnormal: absent central/peripheral vision, no light reflex, papilledema (Increase intracranial pressure), optic atrophy, retinal lesions

109
Q

Cranial Nerve III - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: oculomotor

Type: motor

Function: opening eye; moving eye superiorly, medially, and diagonally; constricting pupils

Test: direct/consensual pupillary responses; measure pupil size

Abnormal: dilated pupil (1), ptosis, eye turns out and down, failure to more eye in 6 fields, absent light reflex

110
Q

Cranial Nerve IV - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Trochlear

Type: motor

Function: moving eye down and laterally

Test: accommodation

Abnormal: failure to move eye down/out

111
Q

Cranial Nerve V - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Trigeminal

Type: both

Function: motor = chewing and jaw opening and clenching; sensory = eyes (cornea), nose, mouth, teeth, jaw, forehead, scalp, and facial skin

Test: motor = palpating TMJ and corneal reflexes; sensory = cotton ball test / dull/sharp test on face

Abnormal: motor = weak masseter/temporalis muscles; sensory = no sensation, no blinking

112
Q

Cranial Nerve VI - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Abducens

Type: motor

Function: moving eye laterally

Test: 6 cardinal fields for extraocular movements

Abnormal: diplopia (double vision) in lateral gaze; cant move eyes laterally; nystagmus (shuttering of eyes when holding focus) = injury to cerebellum/brainstem

113
Q

Cranial Nerve VII - name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Facial

Type: both

Function: facial expression - closing eyes, closing mouth, moving lips, raising eye brows, secreting saliva and tears, tasting on anterior tongue

Test: assess facial symmetry, raise eyebrows, puff cheeks, smile, frown, keep eyes closed against resistance

Abnormal: asymmetric/absent: facial movement, loss of taste

114
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII: name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Acoustic

Type: sensory

Function: hearing, equilibrium

Test: whisper, weber and rinne test

Abnormal: disease/loss of hearing

115
Q

Cranial Nerve IX: name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: glossopharyngeal

Type: both

Function: swallowing, gag sensation, secretion of saliva; tasting on posterior tongue

Test: sour/bitter; gag reflex and ability to swallow; ask patient to open mouth and say “Ahhh” (uvula midline, palate should rise)

Abnormal: no gag reflex

116
Q

Cranial Nerve V: name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Vagus

Type: both

Function: speaking/swallowing, sensation in pharynx and larynx, cardiovascular, respiratory, and GI systems

Test: ask patient to open mouth and say “Ahhh” (uvula midline, palate should rise); ability to swallow by noting how pt handles secretions

Abnormal: uvula deviates, no gag reflex, dysphagia, voice quality (hoarse)

117
Q

Cranial Nerve XI: name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: spinal

Type: motor

Function: contracting muscles in neck and shoulders

Test: trapezius muscle = shoulder shrug against resistance; sternocleidomastoid muscle = turn face against resistance; overall ROM of neck (flexion, extension, etc.)

Abnormal: absent movement of muscles/weakness

118
Q

Cranial Nerve XII: name, type, function, test, abnormal

A

Name: Hypoglossal

Type: motor

Function: tongue movement and strength, speech, swallowing

Test: light, tight, and dynamite test; stick out tongue –> should be midline with no wasting or tremors

Abnormal: tongue deviates, slow rate of tongue movement, wasting/tremors

119
Q

Muscles Assessment components (4)

A
  1. size - L and R comparison
  2. strength (push/pull/squeeze) - test simultaneously
  3. tone - normal degree of tension, move through ROM
  4. involuntary movements = look for tics, tremors, if there are any –> note location, frequency, rate, amplitude
120
Q

How do we assess cerebellar function? (3)

A

(assess coordination and skilled movements)
1. rapid alternating movements: flip hands back and forth on legs (should be quick, equal, rhythmic) or have patient touch all fingers to thumb
2. finger-to-nose test: touch nose then touch finger
3. heel-to-shin: drag heel down shin, should be straight

121
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

clumsy movement, overshooting the mark (can be caused bye cerebellar disease or alcohol)

122
Q

How do we assess balance? (3)

A

(assess coordination and skilled movements)
1. tandem gait: walking straight heel to toe
2. Romberg test: stand with feet together and eyes closed - observe swaying
3. deep knee bend: bend at knee, one at a time, normal sense of position/strength

123
Q

How do we assess the anterolateral (spinothalamic) tract? (2)

A
  1. superficial pain: sharp and dull touch, start distally and touch pt with dull and sharp objects –> should be able to distinguish
  2. light touch: cotton ball on skin, brush it over the skin in irregular intervals (arms, forearms, hands, chest, thighs, legs)
124
Q

What is hypoalgeia?

A

Decreased pain sensation

125
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Absent pain sensation

126
Q

What is hypoesthesia?

A

decreased touch

127
Q

What is anesthesia?

A

absent touch

128
Q

What is hyperthesia?

A

increased touch

129
Q

How do we assess the posterior (dorsal) column tract? (3)

A
  1. tactile discrimination / fine touch (if issues here = sensory cortex damage or posterior column
  2. stereognosis: place familiar object in hand with eyes closed (done bilaterally)
  3. graphesthesia: read things that are draw on palm - letter or number (good test for sensory loss)
130
Q

Tendon reflexes - what are they? what do you do? locations?

A
  1. measure involuntary muscle contraction
  2. limb = relaxed, strike tendon w/ hammer
  3. bicep, tricep, brachioradialis, quadriceps, achilles, and plantar
131
Q

Bicep reflex - what is the location and expected response?

A
  • strike thumb at tendon
  • contraction of bicep muscle and flexion of forearm
132
Q

Tricep reflex - what is the location and expected response?

A
  • hold upper arm, strike directly above elbow
  • extension of forearm
133
Q

Brachioradialis reflex - what is the location and expected response?

A
  • strike 2 - 3 cm above radial styloid process
  • flexion and supination
134
Q

Quadriceps reflex (knee jerk) - what is the location and expected response?

A
  • stroke tendon just below patella
  • extension of lower leg and palpate for quad contraction
135
Q

Achilles reflex (ankle jerk) - what is the location and expected response?

A
  • hold foot dorsiflexed, strike tendon
  • plantar flexion
136
Q

Plantar reflex - what is the location and expected response

A
  • draw an upward stroke on bottom of foot
  • plantar flexion and inversion
137
Q

What are neurological considerations for older adult?

A
  • may need more time
  • decrease in muscle bulk is most apparent in hands
  • dorsal hand muscles = look wasted
  • grip strength = should still be equal bilaterally
  • benign tremors = hands, head nodding (yes and no) and tongue protrusion
  • dyskinesias = repetitive stereotyped movements in jaw/tongue, may accompany senile tremors
  • gait = slower/more deliberate
  • difficulty performing rapid/alternating movements
  • sensation of vibration in ankle = decreased and loss of ankle jerk
  • position sense lost
  • may need strong stimuli for pain
  • deep tendon reflexes = less brisk (plantar reflex can be lost)
138
Q

Glascow Coma Scale - what is it? what are the components? normal vs. abnormal

A
  • looks are level of consciousness
  1. eye opening response (spontaneous, to speech, and to pain)
  2. motor response (obeys verbal commands, localizes pain, flexion/withdrawal, flexion/abnormal, extension/abnormal)
  3. verbal response (oriented x3, conversation confused, speech inappropriate, speech incomprehensible)

Fully alert/normal = 15
Coma = less than 7

MCPHS Nursing (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions