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Nursing Fall 2023 > NUR 200 Exam 2 > Flashcards

NUR 200 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Joint Commission?

A

Publishes national public safety goals

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2
Q

What did the Institute of Medicine (IOM) do?

A

“To Err is Human (2001)- report saysy it is unacceptable for patients to not be safe in healthcare

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3
Q

What does the American Nurses Association (ANA) do?

A

Advocates for healthcare reform, prioritizes access to high quality care for everyone

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4
Q

What is the Quality & Safe Education for Nurses (QSEN)?

A

A task force to improve nursing education, focus in graduate nurses being confident with safety

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5
Q

What are developmental factors affecting safety for Infants/Toddlers?

A

-Completely dependent
-Walk and manipulate objects before recognizing dangers
-Curious/explorers
-Puts objects in mouth

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6
Q

What are developmental factors affecting safety for Preschoolers?

A

-Play outside more, but better gross and fine motor skills, coordination, and balance

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7
Q

What are developmental factors affecting safety for School Aged Children?

A

-More outside activities lead to broken bones and muscle injuries
-Less fearful and more ready to try new things
-Wider school/neighborhood environments

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8
Q

What are developmental factors affecting safety for Adolescents?

A

-Peak physical, sensory, and psychomotor skills given feeling of strength and confidence
-Feel indestructible, risky behaviors

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9
Q

What are developmental factors affecting safety for Adults?

A

-Workplace injury or lifestyle related (drug/alcohol use, stress, carelessness, abuse, decline in strength and stamina)

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10
Q

What are developmental factors affecting safety for Older Adults?

A

-Physiological changes (reduced muscle strength and joint mobility, slower reflexes, decreased response to stimuli, sensory losses)
-Increased risks for falls, leading cause for accidental deaths, can have burns, car accidents

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11
Q

True or False:
In adults, leading cause for accidental deaths are unintentional poisionings

A

True

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12
Q

Who are the populations at risk?

A

-Smokers, substance abusers, risk-takers
-Confused folx due to stress or short term memory loss
-Language barriers, hearing and speech impairment
-Impaired strength with mobility, balance, and endurance issues
-Reduced physical stamina and depression, loss of control, helplessness
-Reduced cognitive awareness or immature development

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13
Q

What are hazards to avoid at home?

A

Posioning
Carbon dioxide
Scalds and burns
Suffocation/Asphyxiation
Fires
Firearms

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14
Q

What can a UAP do at home?

A

-Can ambulate with pt
-Can put on non skid socks
-Can make a clutter free zone

*CAN NOT ASSESS PT HOME

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15
Q

What are signs of posioning?

A

-Unusual stains or odors on clothes or skin
-Unusual (fruity) odor on breath
-Burns around mouth
-Drowsiness, stomach pain, vomiting, trouble breathing, sweating, drooling, irritability, signs of fear, sudden behavior changes
-Drugs or containers open or out of place

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16
Q

What are hazard preventions for toxins?

A

-clothing removal
-shower
-gloves/handling
-check with workplace

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17
Q

What are take home toxins?

A

hazardous substances transported from work to home

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18
Q

What are community hazards?

A

-Motor vehicle accidents
-Pathogens ( a microorganism capable of causing an illness)
-Pollution (any harmful chemical or waste material discharge into the air, water, or soil
-Electrical storms, floods, heat

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19
Q

What are healthcare facility hazards?

A

-Organizational safety problems
-Errors/failing to rescue; Falls
-Equipment related accidents
-Fires and electrical hazards
-Alarm safety (failure to recognize and respond to actionable clinical alarms in a timely manner”
-Healthcare culture (short staff, less time to provide care, quality of nursing care impacts pt outcomes)

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20
Q

What are Never Events?

A

(Serious Reportable Events): healthcare-acquired complications that cause serious injury or death to a patient and should never happen in the hospital

*Characteristics= clearly identifiable and measurable, serious, usually preventable

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21
Q

What is root cause analysis?

A

Tries to solve problems by identifying and correcting the underlying event (Not aimed to get anyone in trouble, but to improve quality of car/change processes)

*Questions asked= What Happened? Why did it Happen? What can be done to prevent it from happening again?

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22
Q

What does CUS stand for?

A

C- State your concern
U- Say why you are uncomfortable
S- State why this is a safety issue

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23
Q

What are key components of the nursing culture of safety?

A

-Team empowerment (everyone gets the chance to contribute)
-Communication (open and honest)
-Transparency (be unites, working on facts only, eliminating rumors)
-Accountability (claiming ownership for our errors)

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24
Q

True or False:
A nurse does not need to request for restraints

A

False- they do need a request

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25
True or False: LPN and UAP cannot remove restraints themselves
True
26
How often do you need to assess circulation, skin breakdown, and patient needs while in restraints?
Every 2 hours
27
What are hazards to healthcare workers?
-Back injury -Needle sticks -Radiation Exposure -Violence
28
What does RACE mean?
Rescue Alarm Confine Extinguish
29
What does PASS mean?
Pull the pin Aim at base of fire Squeeze handle Sweep side to side
30
What does mobility mean?
Body movement
31
What does fitness mean?
Ability to carry out ADLs with vigor and alertness
32
What does physical activity mean?
Bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases expenditure above baseline
33
What does exercise mean?
Planned, structured, and repetitive and purposeful for improving or maintaining physical fitness, performance, or health
34
What are musculoskeletal components that are required for movement?
Bones Muscles Tendons Ligaments
35
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
36
What are tendons?
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
37
What are ligaments?
Fibrous tissues that connect most movable joints
38
What do nerves do?
Control the movement of the musculoskeletal system
39
What are osteoclasts?
The housekeepers (CLEAN out the old or damaged tissue)
40
What are osteoblasts?
The construction crew (repair and BUILD new bone)
41
What are the different joints?
-Synarthroses (immoveable- cranial bones) -Amphiarthroses (limited movement) -Diarthroses/synovial joints (free moving)
42
What does body mechanics mean?
The way we move our body
43
True or False: The wider the stance, the lower the center of gravity, the more difficulty balancing
True
44
What does coordination mean?
Controlled movements by the brain and msucles
45
What is isometric exercise?
-Against an immovable surface -Involves muscle contraction without motion (Ex: wall sits)
46
What is isotonic exercise?
-Weight training with free weights -Involves movement of the joint during the muscle contraction (Ex: pull ups, push ups, bicep curls w/ dumbells)
47
What is isokinetic exercise?
-Machine that is a constant preset speed -Performed with specialized apparatuses that provide variable resistance to movement (Ex: treadmill, leg press)
48
What is aerobic exerxcise?
-Brisk walking, jogging, bicycling -Acquires energy from metabolic pathways that use oxygen- amount taken in exceeds the amount required to perform the activity -Large muscle groups with continuous movement
49
What is anaerobic exercise?
-Occurs when the amount of oxygen taken into the body does not meet the amount of oxygen required to perform the activity (Ex: crossfit, HIIT, sprinting)
50
What are the risks associated with exercise?
-Cardiac -Musculoskeletal injury -Dehydration -Temperature regulation problems
51
What is flexibility training?
Stretching before/after exercise -Cools down muscles and helps maintain stability -Yoga, pilates, etc
52
What is resistance training?
Movement against resistance -Builds strength (less reps more weight) -Builds endurance (more reps, less weight)
53
What is aerobic conditioning?
How hard one is exercising -Intensity, duration, frequency, mode (Ex: target heart rate method)
54
What are factors that affect mobility?
-Developmental stage -Nutrition -Lifestyle -Environmental factors -Diseases and abnormalities
55
What are safety nursing interventions?
-Promoting exercise/assisting with ambulation -Prevent Injury from exercise -Positioning patients -Turning patient every 2 hrs -Transferring clients
56
What are standards in nutrition?
A reference for nutrient intake thought to meet the nutritional needs of most healthy population groups (food labels)
57
What are food guides?
They specify the number of daily servings of foods needed to make healthy good choices (more practical)
58
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Promote the consumption of micronutrients and macronutrients
59
What is adequate intake?
The amount of food consumed by healthy people
60
What is tolerable upper intake level?
The max amount that we can intake in a day w/o adverse affects
61
What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range?
Percentage of protein, fat, and carbs that are associated with a reduction in chronic illness
62
What does the USDA dietary guidelines do?
Provide information on choosing a nutritious diet, maintaining healthy weight, achieve adequate exercise, and good safety
63
What is anabolism?
FORMATION of larger molecules from smaller ones
64
What is catabolism?
the BREAKDOWN of larger molecules into smaller components
65
What are carbohydrates?
-Primary energy source to muscles and organs -gives us a feeling of fullness -Sugars (sodas) -Monosaccharides, polysaccharides, complex carb (healthiest; whole grains, vegetables)
66
What are proteins?
-Tissue building -Helps with metabolism -Helps with immune system function -Helps with fluid and acid base balance -Secondary energy source -Nitrogen balance -Made up of amino acids
67
What is a complete amino acid?
Obtained from animal sources
68
What is an incomplete amino acid?
Obtained from nuts and plants
69
What are lipids?
-Fat -Insoluble in water -Have them in moderation -Make things taste better (butter) -Back up energy source -Organ/insulation protection -Have HDL
70
What are the types of lipids?
Sterols, glycerides, and phospholipids
71
What are micronutrients?
Their purpose is to regulate body functions, only needed in small amounts (include vitamins and minerals)
72
What are vitamins?
Organic substances necessary for metabolism or preventing a particular deficiency disease
73
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
74
What are water soluble vitamins?
B, C
75
What are minerals?
inorganic elements found in nature that occur naturally in foods or as additives/supplements
76
What is the purpose of water in the body?
-Solvent for chemical processes -Transports substances -Form for tissues -Lubricant -Temperature control
77
Where can you find Vitamin A?
Egg, leafy green vegetables (spinach, kale, broccoli), milk
78
Where can you find Vitamin D?
Fish (salmon, cod, grouper, trout), milk, sunlight
79
Where can you find Vitamin E?
Vegetable oils, nuts (peanuts, almonds, pecans, walnuts), fish, green leafy vegetables
80
Where can you find Vitamin K?
Green leafy vegetables, liver
81
Where can you find Magnesium?
Whole grain (complex carbs), nuts, legumes, green leafy vegetables
81
Where can you find calcium?
Dairy products, green leafy vegetables, legumes (beans, kidney beans, black beans), nuts
82
Where can you find Potassium?
Fruits, vegetables, meats, legumes, shellfish
83
Where can you find sodium?
Table salt, meat, baking soda/powder
84
What is the Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Amount of energy required at rest (prolonged physical exertion, body composition, body and environmental temp, being ill, growth spurts
85
What is nutrition like for Infants to 1 year olds?
-Higher protein and carbs needed because they are tissue building -More fluid because BMR is higher
86
What is nutrition like for toddlers?
-Diets are deficient in nutrients -Picky eaters -Offer a variety of foods
87
What is nutrition like for preschoolers?
-Concern that they will learn bad habits because they are at school -Don't want to overfeed them, but their appetite will fit whatever they need
88
What is nutrition like for School Age Children?
-Must get adequate vitamins and minerals- low fat/salt/sugar foods -Have less parental control, concerned that they are not getting an adequate diet
89
What is nutrition like for Adolescents?
-Active and eat a lot of "ready to go" meals -Make sure they have healthy snacks available
90
What does nutrition look like for Young and Middle Age adults?
-Tend to follow habits learned earlier in life -BMR decreases in middle adults (make it harder to lose weight) -Encourage nutrition and exercise, otherwise they may potentially be unhealthy and obese
91
What is nutrition like for Older Adults?
-Need fewer kcal due to lean body mass, decreased physical activity, and decreased BMR -Need more dairy, fiber, and water -Have a lack of interest in food because their taste buds diminish -Reduced thirst -Have chronic diseases -Potentially have a lack of teeth, or have gum disease
92
What are factors that affect nutrition?
-Dietary Patterns -Work Environment -Cooking Method -Caffeine -Using food to relieve stress -Tobacco use -Alcohol -Ethnic, cultural, and religious practices -Disease processes and functional limitations -medications -Special diets
93
What BMI is considered overweight?
25.0-29.9
94
What BMI is considered Class I obesity?
30.0-34.9
95
What BMI is considered Class II obesity?
35.0-39.9
96
What BMI is considered Class III obesity?
40.0 or higher
97
What can UAPs do nutritionally?
-Can feed pt -Can position pt for feeding -Can order food (not create diet) -Can take vitals -Can measure urine intake and output -Can take height and weight
98
What is oxygenation?
How well the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are supplied with oxygen
99
What are the 2 processes that oxygenate blood?
Inspiration and Ventilation
100
What is Respiration?
-Exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide -Alveolar capillary/capillary cell membrane
101
What is Ventilation?
Movement of air into/out of the lungs
102
What are the parts of the pulmonary system?
Airway Lungs Nasal passages Mouth Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchiloes
103
What are the parts of the upper airway?
-Pharynx -Trachea -Epiglottis (closes off during swallowing and opens to allow air movement)
103
What are the parts of the lower airway?
****CONSIDERED STERILE**** -Below larynx (epiglottis) -Trachea -Bronchi -Bronchioles
104
True or False: Hyperventilation means not enough CO2
False- It means too much CO2 because you are breathing too fast
105
True or False: Hypoventilation means not enough CO2
True
106
What is lung compliance?
The ease of lung inflation
107
Where does External Respiration occur?
At lungs (alveolar-capillary gas exchange) *O2 travels across membrane into the blood of the capillaries, CO2 diffuses out of blood into alveoli to be exhaled
108
Where does internal respiration occur?
In the blood, out to the body (capillary-tissue gas exchange) *O2 diffuses from the blood to the tissues and cells, CO2 waste product- transported to lungs and exhaled
109
What factors can influence pulmonary function?
Environment Lifestyle Medication (can depress respirations Upper respiratory infections (typically viral, not bacterial) Lower respiratory infections Pulmonary system abnormalities (rib fracture, inflammation, etc) CNS abnormalities Neuromuscular abnormalities Pulmonary circulation abnormalities
110
What is hypoxia?
Occurs when there is inadequate oxygenation of organs and tissues
111
What are late signs of hypoxia?
Cyanosis
112
What are early signs of hypoxia?
Restlessness, anxious
113
When a patient is experiencing dyspnea/respiratory effort, what do you do?
Put them in Fowler's or Semi-Fowler's position
114
What does pulse oximetry do?
Measures the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are carrying oxygen (Normal is 95-100)
115
What is Eupnea?
Normal breathing 12-20 breathes per minute
116
What is Tachypnea?
Fast breathing > 24 breathes per minute
117
What is Bradypnea?
Slow breathing < 10 breathes per minute
118
What is apnea?
Absence of breathing
119
What is Kussmaul's breathing pattern?
Normal, but increased
120
What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern?
Increase in depth, gradual decrease in depth, apnea... (brain injury)
121
What is stridor?
High-pitches, harsh, crowing inspiratory sounds that occur due to partial obstruction of the larynx
122
What do you assess with sputum?
-Appearance (color, thick/thin) -Odor (Ex: metallic taste) -Amount timing (morning or night)
123
What do you assess with a cough?
-Wet or Dry? -Productive? (getting mucus up) -Better or Worse?
124
What is orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing while laying flat
125
True or False: Mobilizing secretions is the #1 thing to do to prevent pneumonia
True
126
True or False: UAP can teach patient coughing and deep breathing
False- they can remind pt to drink and deep breathe, but not teach
127
True or False: Bladder and urethra are considered to be sterile
True
128
Where is the kidney located?
Retroperitoneal (Posterior abdominal wall)
129
What is the function of the kidneys?
-Filter metabolic waste from blood stream as urine -Help regulate blood volume, BP, electrolytes, and acid-base balance -Produce erythrpoietin, secrete enzyme renin, activate Vitmain D3
130
What is the order of the urinary system?
Kidney --> Ureter --> Bladder --> Urethra
131
What do nephrons do?
Found in the kidney, help form urine
132
What do ureters do?
Transport urine through ureters
133
What does the bladder do?
Store urine
134
What does the urethra do?
Transports urine out of body
135
True or False: Men are more likely to get UTIs because they have a smaller urethra
False- Women do because they have a smaller urethra
136
What is micturition?
(Voiding) To start the stream of urine; to urinate; release urine from the bladder
137
What can inhibit Micturition?
-Anxiety -Lack of time -Lack of privacy -Loss of dignity due to need for assistance -Cultural influences such as same gender
138
What can nurses do to encourage pt to pee?
Increase fluid intake Turning on faucet while in bathroom Privacy if possible -Pour warm water over perineum area to stimulate pee
139
How much urine does an adult bladder typically hold?
200-450 mL
140
How much urine does a child's bladder usually hold?
50-200 mL
141
What is the process of urinary elimination?
-Internal urethral sphincter closes so bladder can fill -Distention activates stress receptors in bladder wall -Signaling to the voiding reflex center the urge to void -Contraction of detrusor muscle, internal sphincter relaxes -Once ready to urinate, conscious relaxation of external urethral sphincter occurs -Detrusor muscle relaxes and bladder begins to fill again
142
How much urine does the kidney usually produce?
~1500 mL a day (most people void 5-6 times daily)
143
What is specific gravity?
A measurement that tells us how diluted or concentrated urine is) 1.002 (diluted) to 1.030 (concentrated)
144
If your urine is diluted, what color will it be?
Pale yellow (hydrated)
145
If your urine is concentrated, what color will it be?
Cloudy, dark yellow (dehydrated)
146
True or False: Toilet training is highly variable and influenced by family and culture
True- usually seen between 18 and 36 months
147
What is Enuresis (incontinence)?
Occasional involuntary passage of urine -Normal up to early school years -Usually occurs when child is distracted
148
What is nocturnal enuresis?
Nighttime bed wetting -Can go to 6 or 7 years old, but usually controlled from 3-5 -Caused by insufficient level of ADG, pressure on the bladder, urinary infection, and emotional stress
149
What is nocturia?
Frequent urination after going to bed (waking up in the middle of the night to urinate)
150
What causes bladder infections?
Incomplete emptying of the bladder
151
What causes urine leakage?
Not emptying the bladder enough
152
What is a diuretic?
Increases urine production (Ex: caffeine) *Pt on diuretics are HUGE fall risks due to urgency to pee
153
What happens when you consume alcohol?
Release of ADH is impaired, resulting in increased urine production
154
True or False: Physical activity/dehydration causes kidneys to hold water
True
155
True or False: Increased blood flow impairs filtration and urine production
False- *Decreased blood flow
156
What happens to the kidneys when you have a systemic infection?
Kidneys reabsorb and retain water
157
What is dysuria?
Painful or difficult urination due to infection, obstruction, or meds
158
What is frequency?
Need to urinate at short intervals
159
What is hematuria?
Blood in urine due to trauma, kidney stones, infection, or menstruation
160
What is urgency?
Sudden, uncontrollable need to urinate
161
What is anuria?
Absence of urine, UO < 100 mL/24 hrs *Common in pts with chronic kidney disease/dialysis
162
What is oliguria?
Urine output less than 400 mL/24 hrs due to dehydration
163

Nursing Fall 2023 (7 decks)

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