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campbell > numbers > Flashcards

numbers Flashcards

1
Q

collagen

A

Accounts for 40 percent of the total protein in the human body.

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2
Q

proteoglycan

A

May consist of up to 95 percent carbohydrate.

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3
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • Most common lethal genetic disease in the US.
  • Strikes 1/2,500 people of European descent but is much rarer in other groups
  • Among people of European descent, 1/25 are carriers
  • Untreated: die before 5th birthday. Treated: >half survive into late 20s or even 30s and beyond
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4
Q

sickle-cell disease

A
  • Most common inherited disorder among people of African descent.
  • Affects 1/400 African-Americans
  • 1/10 Af-Amer have sickle-cell trait
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5
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

In the US: afflicts 1/10,000 people.

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6
Q

PKU

A

phenylketonuria; occurs in 1 of every 10,000 to 15,000 births in the US

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7
Q

amniocentesis

A

14th - 16th wk of pregnancy

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8
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

as early as 8th - 10th wk of pregnancy

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9
Q

vascular plants

A

Comprise 93 percent of all extant plant species

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10
Q

angiosperms

A

Nearly 90 percent of living plant species are angiosperms. 250,000+ species of angiosperms.

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11
Q

plant evol

A

During the first 100mill years of plant evolution, bryophytes/bryophyte-like plants were the prevalent vegetation.

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12
Q

seed plants’ origin

A

360 million years ago.

  • gymnosperms: 305 million
  • angiosperms: 160 million
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13
Q

plants and drugs

A

25% of prescription drugs contain an active ingredient from plants, typically seed plants.

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14
Q

The genome of which tree species has been sequenced?

A

The poplar (Populus trichocarpa)

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15
Q

Some insights into the evolution of 2ndary growth have been achieved by studying which plant?

A

The herbaceous plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

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16
Q

most prevalent disaccharide

A

sucrose aka table sugar

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17
Q

cellulose

A

plants produce almost 100 billion tons of it per year globally. it’s the most abundant organic compound on earth.

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18
Q

proteins account for __ of the dry mass of most cells

A

> 50 percent

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19
Q

the first 3-D structure for a protein was worked out for

A

hemoglobin and a related protein

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20
Q

light microscope magnification and resolution

A

can magnify effectively to about 1,000x the actual size ;

cannot resolve detail finer than (200 nanometers)

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21
Q

electron microscope resolution

A

theoretical: .002 nm

in practice: no smaller than 2 nm

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22
Q

smallest cells and their size

A

mycoplasmas; diameters btwn 0.1 and 1.0 micrometers

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23
Q

typical bacteria size

A

1 to 5 micrometers in diameter; 10x the size of mycoplasmas

24
Q

eukaryotic cells size

A

typically 10 - 100 micrometers in diameter

25
Q

nucleus size

A

5 micrometers in diameter

26
Q

nuclear membrane

A
  • the 2 membranes are separated by a space of 20 to 40 nm

- pores are 100 nm in diameter

27
Q

plasma membrane thickness

A

8 nm

28
Q

aquaporins

A

each one allows entry of up to 3 billion water molecules per second, passing single file thru its central channel, which fits 10 at a time

29
Q

membrane potential

A

ranges from -50 to -200 millivolts (mV)

30
Q

enzyme rate

A

typically acts on about 1000 substrate molecules per second; others are much faster

31
Q

optimal temp of human enzymes

A

most human enzymes have optimal temps of about 35 to 40 deg C (close to human body temp)

32
Q

optimal pH of human enzymes

A

6 to 8, but there are exceptions

33
Q

number of known eyzmes

A

4,000

34
Q

medicines and GPCRs

A

up to 60 percent of all medicines used today exert their effects by influencing G protein pathways

35
Q

cell-surface receptors

A
  • make up 30 percent of all human proteins
  • make up 1 percent of the proteins whose structures have been determined by x-ray crystallography (their structures are hard to determine)
36
Q

largest family of cell-surface receptors

A

nearly 1,000 GPCRs

37
Q

genes and protein kinases

A

about 2 percent of our own genes are thought to code for protein kinases

38
Q

cells and protein kinases

A

a single cell may have HUNDREDS of diff kinds, each specific for a diff substrate protein

39
Q

cAMP concentration

A

boosted 20-fold in a matter of seconds when the enzyme ADENYLYL CYCLASE catalyzes the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP

40
Q

Ca2+ level in animals

A

Ca2+ level in the blood and extracellular fluid of an animal is often >10,000 times higher than that in the cytosol

41
Q

details of apoptosis were worked out by researchers studying which organism?

A

Caenorhabditis elegans, a small soil nematode

42
Q

DNA per cell

A
  • 2 meters long – 250,000x greater than the cell’s diameter
43
Q

how many cells in your body

A

200 trillion

44
Q

human gamete: possible chromosome combos

A

8.4 mill (2^23)

45
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

affects 1/3,500 males born in US

46
Q

nucleotide pairs per human cell

A

6 billion

47
Q

DNA replication error rate

A
  • before proofreading: 1 in 100,000

- after: 1 per 10 billion nucleotides

48
Q

Okazaki fragment length

A
  • E coli: 1,000 - 2,000 nucleotides long

- eukaryotes: 100 - 200

49
Q

chromatid width

A

700 nm

50
Q

rate of transcription

A

40 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes

51
Q

RNA splicing numbers

A
  • avg length of a transcription unit along a human DNA molecule is about 27,000 np
  • however, it only takes 1,200 nucleotides in RNA to code for the avg-sized protein of 400 AA
52
Q

human gene expression in cell

A

typical human cell might express about 20 percent of its protein-coding genes at any given time. highly differentiated cells express an even smaller fraction

53
Q

protein-coding DNA

A

accounts for only 1.5 percent of the human genome

54
Q

regulation of human gene expression

A

at least one half of all human genes may be regulated by miRNAs

55
Q

ras and p53

A

mutations in ras occur in about 30 percent of human cancers, and mutations in p53 in more than 50 percent

56
Q

cancerous viruses

A

worldwide, viruses seem to play a role in about 15 percent of the cases of human cancer

57
Q

known plant species

A

290,000

campbell (23 decks)

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