number system Flashcards
_________ is a way to represent numbers using symbols or digits. In computing, several different. number systems are used, depending on the context.
Number system
What are the most common number systems?
binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal
Each digit in a decimal number is multiplied by powers of 10, depending on its position
Decimal (Base-10)
__________ is used by computers, as they operate with two states: ON and OFF represented by 0 and 1.
binary number system
It is base-8, using digits from 0 to 7
Octal (Base-8)
It is often used to represent binary numbers more compactly
Hexadecimal (Base-16)
____________ is a branch of algebra that deals with true and false values, typically represented as 1 and 0 in binary logic
Boolean Algebra
In Boolean algebra, it operates using three basic operators, what are they?
- AND (Conjunction)
- OR (Disjunction)
- NOT (Negation)
Symbol: * \cdot * or & \&&
The result is true (1) if both operands are true, otherwise, it is false.
AND (Conjunction)
Symbol: +++
The result is true (1) if at least one of the operands is true, otherwise, it is false.
OR (Disjunction)
Symbol: A‾\overline{A}A or -A\neg A-A
The result is true (1) if the operand is false (0), and vice versa.
NOT (Negation)
_________ is the negation of AND. The result is true unless both operands are true.
NAND (NOT AND)
The result is true only when both operands are false.
NOR (NOT OR)
The result is true when exactly one of the operands is true, but false when both are the same.
XOR (Exclusive OR)
The result is true when both operands are the same (either both true or both false).
XNOR (Exclusive NOR)
Boolean logic is the foundation of all ________
Digital Circuits
In _______, Boolean values are used in conditional statements, loops, and decision-making processes (true/false, yes/no).
Programming
Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT are used in query languages like SQL to filter ________.
Databases
Boolean logic helps refine __________ by including or excluding specific results.
Search engines
__________________ refers to the way different components of a computer system are arranged and interact with each other. It encompasses the hardware and software elements that make up a computer and how they work together.
Computer System Organization
What are the different Hardware Components?
- Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- Control Unit (CU)
- Memory
- Input Devices
- Output Devices
- Motherboard
- Bus
- Power Supply Unit (PSU)
The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and processing data.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU consists 3 types of?
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- Control Unit (CU)
- Registers
Performs arithmetic and logical operations
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Directs the operation of the processor and coordinates activities between various components
Control Unit (CU)
Small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold temporary data and instructions
Registers
Volatile memory used to store data and instructions that are currently being used or processed
Primary Memory (RAM)
Non-volatile memory used for long-term storage, such as hard drives, SSDs, and optical disks
Secondary Memory
Hardware used to input data into the computer, such as keyboards, mice, and scanners
Input Devices
Hardware used to output data from the computer, such as monitors, printers, and speakers
Output Devices
The main circuit board that holds the CPU, memory, and other essential components, and provides connectors for additional components
Motherboard
A system of pathways used to connect different parts of the computer and allow them to communicate
Bus
What are the types of buses?
- Data bus
- Address bus
- Control bus
Converts electrical power from an outlet into usable power for the computer’s components
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Give the 3 Software Components
- Operating System (OS)
- System Software
- Application Software
The system software that manages hardware resources and provides services for computer programs. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix
Operating System (OS)
Includes the OS and utilities that manage system resources and provide common services for application software
System Software
Programs designed for end-users to perform specific tasks, such as word processors, web browsers, and games
Application Software
What are the types of System Organization and Architecture?
- Von Neumann Architecture
- Harvard Architecture
- Pipelining
- Cache Memory
- I/O Systems
A computer architecture design where a single memory space holds both instructions and data, and a single set of buses is used for communication
Von Neumann Architecture
Uses separate memory storage and separate buses for instructions and data, allowing simultaneous access to both
Harvard Architecture
A technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution to improve performance
Pipelining
Small, fast memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed data to speed up processing
Cache Memory
Components and processes involved in input and output operations, including device drivers and communication protocols.
I/O Systems
