NUERO Flashcards
name two structural divisions of the nervous system?
CNS/PNS
name two functional divisions of the nerous sytem?
ANS Autonomic / SNS somatic
Autonomic ANS
Connects the CNS to the visceral organs via the cranial and spinal nerves, initiating involuntary responses
SNS somoatic
connects the cns to the skinand skeletal muscles via the cranial and spinal nerves initiating involuntary responses
name the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic
sympathetic
response prepares the body to deal with emergencies through expenditure of energy “fight or flight” response
parasympathetic
response restores homeostatic balance and conserves energy
name the 3 cranial fossae
anterior-middle-posterior
what is housed in the anterior fossae?
circle of willis, frontal lobes, olfactory bulbs
what is housed in the middle fossae?
temporal lobes, sella turcica, sephnoid bone, pituitary gland, middle ear structures
what is housed in the posterior fossae? (largest and deepest)
Brain stem, provides passage for the spinal cord to join the brain
what three structures comprise the brainstem?
medulla, pons, midbrain
where is the most CSF produced?
choroid plexus\ lateral ventricles
where is CSF absorbed?
arachnoid villi
average volume of CSF in a healthy adult?
150ml
average pressure of CSF in a healthy adult?
20cm=200mmH2O
how many vertebrae in the spinal column?
33
how many periheral spinal nerevs in the spinal column?
31
At what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1-L4
anatomy of an intervertebral disc
outer fibrous capsule (annulus) inner nucleous (pulposis) “crab meat”
anatomy of a ruptured disc
fracture or fissure of the annulus with neucleous pulposis protrussion
which cranial nerve is responsible for sight?
ll optic
which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and sense of balance?
vlll vestibulochoclear
5 arteries that form the circle of willis
1-anterior 2- middle 3- posterior 4-cerebral 5- Anterior and Posterior communicating
what function does the circle of willis perform?
maintains cerebral perfusion
two arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the circle of willis
internal carotid, anterior
vertebral arteries, posterior
common site for annurysem in the circle of willis?
at any biforcation
1st sign of ruptured intracranial aneurysm?
severe headach
ruptured intervertebral disc produces symptoms
nerve root imingment
how is tic douloreux treated?
Rhizotomy (glysepol or radio frequency)
nerve affected with carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve
how is carpal tunnel syndrome surgically treated?
release of TCL trans carpal ligament
neurectomoy
removal of a nerve
sympathecomy
sectioning of a nerve
neurolysis
freeing of a nerve
rhizotomy
the surgical section or cutting of the spinal nerve roots, usually posterior or sensory roots, to eliminate pain.
myelmeningocele
a congenital defect of the central nervous system in which a sac containing part of the spinal cord and its meninges protrude through a gap in the vertebral column
cerebrospinal rhinorrhea
CSF out the nose
cerebrospinal otorrhea
CSF out the ear
crainiotomy
removal of a section of cranium referred to as a bone flap
crainiectomy
permanent removal of a section of the cranium using burrs & ronguers to enlarge 1 or more burr holes
crainiectomy vrs crainiotmoy
ectomy- permanant removal
otomy-flap is put back
reason for a crainiectomy
infection or cancer
cuada eqina
branched nerevs that extend down the sarum
5 paraspinal ligaments
anterior longitudinal,posterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavem, interspinal, supraspinal
burr hole
minimum exposure that can be made to acess the brain
why use burr hole?
to remove loacalized fluid collection secondary to head trauma, placement of catheter
epidural vrs subdural hematoma
venous bleeding, collects slower. Acute, subacute or chronic
what artery is most frequent to result in tear or laceration with an epidural hematoma?
middle menigel artery
lumbar laminectomy
excision of one or more vertebral laminae
common positions for lumbar laminectomy
prone, modified knee chest, lateral
positioning aids ( prone frames)
wilson, kambin, hastings
positioning aids ( knee chest frames)
Andrews hicks
spinal cord stimulator
implantable, non destructive medical device
why use spinal cord stimulator?
to treat chronic non-traceable pain in the limbs and trunk. The device generates an elctrical impulse to the epidural space which produces a tingling sensation that masks the perception of pain.
A.V.M is treated
Crainiotomy, isolation, and subsequent excision of mass
cervical tongs used to employ cervical traction in cases of neck injury?
cruchfield, Vinke, Garden wells
diagnostic x-ray study considered the criterion standard for acute head injury?
CT-scan
Methalyne blue
neurotoxic
hydrocephalus
pathological condition with an Increase in CSF in the crainial cavity causing ICP
WADA’s test
isolates the dominant hemisphere of the brain
two frequent surgical shunting procedures used to treat hydrocephalus
V-P Ventriculoperioneal
V-A Ventriculoarterial
disposable hemostatic clips
used to control bleeding ( Leroy) pedi (raney) adult. clips are placed over the edges of wound as primary incision is made
3 manners to treat intracranial aneurysms surgically
aneurysm clips, silk sutures, PMMA imprgnated mesh
mechanical hemostasis
physically stopping thed bleeding. clips or ligature
chemical hemostasis
stimulating the clotting cascade- thrombin
hand controlled pneumatic driver to create burr holes?
crianiatome
hand- controlled manually -powered driver to create burr holes?
hudson brace
foot controlled pneumatic intrument used to “turn” bone flaps during criniotomy or to remove laminae during laminectomy?
midas rex/ Anspach
pituitary ronguers
instrument used to remove nucleus pulposus (soft tissue) from intervertebral disk in laminectomy
kerrison rongeur
used to mannually remove bone from the intervertebral foramina or laminea during laminectomy
CUSA
Cariton Ultrasonic Aspirator
what is a CUSA?
emits a variable ultasonic energy field that emulsifies abnormal tissue while persuing normal neural tissue
Ventricular system
CSF circulates throughthe ventricles, and central canal, enters the subarachnoid space and is then reabsorbed into the blood of the dural sinuses through arachnoid granulation.
